Foreword

TCVN 9254-1:2012 is completely equivalent to ISO 6707-1:2004

TCVN 9254-1:2012 is converted from TCXD 213:1998 in accordance with clause 1, Article 69 of the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations and point b), Clause 1, Article 7 of the Government’s Decree No. 127/2007/ND-CP of August 1, 2007 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations.

The ISO 6707 series with the general title “Buildings and civil engineering works – Vocabulary” consists of the following parts:

• Part 1: General terms
• Part 2: Contract terms

TCVN 9254-1:2012 is compiled by the Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning – Ministry of Construction, proposed by the Ministry of Construction, appraised by the General Department of Standards – Metrology – Quality, and announced by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

1. Scope

This standard defines general terms that apply to buildings and civil engineering works.

2. Vocabulary structure

The terms are arranged by category for easy comparison of related concepts.

When a standard term expresses more than one concept, each concept will be included in a separate entry and cross-referenced when used in different disciplines. When a term expresses more than one concept within the same discipline, these concepts will be listed in consecutive entries and numbered separately.

When there is a standard American English or other language equivalent, this will be expressed after the standard term and separated by a slash with an annotation indicating the corresponding country code. In cases where no American English or other language equivalent is provided, this means that the standard term is accepted in all English-speaking countries. Terms immediately following the standard term in italics are non-preferred synonyms.

When there is no appropriate English word to express a concept existing in French, the definition of that word will be translated and the missing word will be represented by 5 dots (. . . . .).

3. Types of buildings and civil engineering works

3.1. Basic terms

3.1.1. Construction works

General term designating all objects constructed or resulting from construction operations.

3.1.2. Civil engineering works

Construction works (3.1.1) with a structure (3.1.4), excluding buildings (3.1.3) and ancillary works on building site (3.1.6), such as dams (3.2.24), bridges (3.3.19), roads (3.3.1), railways (3.3.3), runways, public utility works, pipelines (3.2.32), sewer systems (5.4.40), or the result of operations such as dredging, earthworks (7.1.6), ground engineering processes.

NOTE: Ancillary works outside of buildings are also considered civil engineering works.

3.1.3. Building

Construction works (3.1.1) with the main function of protecting, sheltering people or contents; usually enclosed partially or completely and designed to remain permanently in one place.

Alternative term: building construction (7.1.4)

3.1.4. Structure

Construction works (3.1.1) with a structural system (5.1.2).

Alternative term: structural system (5.1.2)

3.1.5. External works

Construction works (3.1.1) or landscaping on land (10.1) ancillary to and adjacent to a civil engineering works (3.1.2) or a building (3.1.3).

3.1.6. Site

Land (10.1) or water area where construction work (7.1.1) or other operations are carried out.

3.2. Civil engineering works

3.2.1. Earthworks

The result of altering the actual ground topography.

3.2.2. Excavation

The result of removing, cutting and transferring soil, ground (6.4.9) or other materials (6.1.1) from subsoil (6.2.1).

3.2.3. Embankment

A section of earthwork (3.2.1), usually formed by cut (3.2.5) or ground soil (6.4.9), in which the object formed is higher or lower than the original ground level (9.2.33) and usually has a length (9.2.18) much greater than its width (9.2.16).

3.2.4. Bund

A low embankment (3.2.3).

3.2.5. Cut

Materials (6.1.1) excavated in large quantities.

NOTE 1: Creates a cut (3.2.6)

3.2.6. Cut

The space formed when carrying out a large volume of excavation (3.2.2) of materials (6.1.1).

NOTE 2: The result of a cut (3.2.5)

3.2.7. Cut and fill

Earthworks (7.1.6) technique to reduce or increase the difference in ground levels (9.2.33) by using materials (6.1.1) excavated from the higher subsoil (6.2.1) portion to raise the level (9.2.32) of the lower subsoil portion or vice versa.

3.2.8. . . . . .

Excavation (3.2.2) in which an underground structure (5.1.4) is constructed.

3.2.9. Made ground

Subsoil (6.2.1) created by using materials (6.1.1) to fill a hollow or to raise the level (9.2.32) of land on a site (3.1.6).

3.2.10. Bund wall

Wall (5.1.7) to create a protective surround to a container or to contain contents in the event of the failure of the container.

3.2.11. Dumpling

A large quantity of subsoil (6.2.1) removed but temporarily moved to allow construction work (7.1.1) to proceed.

3.2.12. Trench

Narrow and long outdoor excavation (3.2.2), usually with vertical sides.

3.2.13. Shaft

Vertical or inclined excavation (3.2.2), usually with a cross-section more limited than its depth (9.2.15).

3.2.14. Borrow pit

Part created by earthworks (7.1.6) of materials (6.1.1) for use in earthworks (3.2.1).

3.2.15. Borehole

A hole, usually vertical, drilled to determine the conditions of the subsoil (6.2.1), used for drawing water, other liquids or gas; or used for measuring (7.1.25) the level (9.2.32) of groundwater.

3.2.16. Retaining wall

Wall (5.1.7) used to protect the side of subsoil (6.2.1) or to resist the pressure of a large mass of other materials (6.1.1).

3.2.17. Diaphragm wall

Wall (5.1.7) in concrete (6.4.15) constructed in a trench (3.2.12) temporarily held by a bentonite (3.2.18) slurry.

Alternative term: diaphragm wall (5.1.67)

3.2.18. Bentonite

A type of clay that swells when absorbing water, formed by the decomposition of volcanic ash.

3.2.19. . . . . .

A watertight works component (5.5.6) consisting of rafts and walls (5.1.17) to form a basement (4.2.12).

3.2.20. . . . . .

Works component (5.5.6) for roads (3.3.1) or water in precast concrete (6.4.21) or steel, cylindrical, circular or oval in shape.

3.2.21. Water tower

Civil engineering works (3.1.2) with a large tank placed higher than the ground level (9.2.33).

3.2.22. Silo

Structure (3.1.4) used to contain a large quantity of loose materials (6.1.1).

3.2.23. Breakwater

Long structure (3.1.4) in the water designed to protect a harbor or shore from waves.

3.2.24. Dam

Barrier (5.2.9), creating a reservoir (3.2.28), to hold back water at a high level (9.2.32), or to prevent flooding.

3.2.25. Flood bank

Embankment (3.2.3) built to resist or control the level (9.2.32) of flood waters.

3.2.26. Cofferdam

Structure (3.1.4), usually temporary, to protect an adjacent area of subsoil (6.2.1) or to exclude water or earth (6.2.2) so that work can be carried out within it without the need for additional pumping.

3.2.27. Swale

Gently sloping, usually weighed or lined with boulders (6.2.4) or concrete (6.4.15), and sometimes marshy, a place of land subsidence, constructed to hold water or other liquids.

3.2.28. Irrigation

Artificial supply of water to land (10.1), usually for the cultivation of crops.

3.2.29. Weir

Structure (3.1.4) running across a watercourse, used to measure the flow (9.3.41) and/or to control the level (9.2.32) of water upstream in a canal (10.8) or watercourse (5.4.16).

3.2.30. Penstock

A vertically moving gate between guide posts, usually rectangular in shape.

3.2.31. Spillway

Outlet for excess water from a reservoir (3.2.38) or watercourse (5.4.16).

3.2.32. Pipeline

Long and continuous pipe (5.4.17), including ancillary equipment, used to transport liquids and gases.

3.2.33. Aqueduct

Long water supply conduit (5.4.14) supported by a structure (5.1.2).

3.2.34. Water supply adit

Tunnel (3.3.18) leading from a shaft (3.2.13) to a water-bearing stratum, to increase the water supply available.

3.2.35. Culvert

Transverse drain (5.4.38) or closed structure (3.1.4) channel below a road (3.3.1), railway (3.3.3) or canal (3.3.64) or through an embankment (3.2.3), in the form of a large pipe (5.4.17) or a closed watercourse (5.4.16).

3.2.36. Headworks

The intake and ancillary structures at the starting points for a waterworks engineering (7.1.11).

3.2.37. Rising main

A water main or section of drain under pressure (5.4.38) or sewer (5.4.41) through which liquid is pumped to a higher level (9.2.32).

3.2.38. Reservoir

A pond, lake or basin (3.3.67), natural or artificial, used for the storage, regulation and control of water or other liquids and gases.

3.3. Civil engineering works – transportation

3.3.1. Road

A way mainly for vehicular traffic.

3.3.2. Exit

Designed at the point of departure from a branch of a road (3.3.1).

Alternative term: way out (4.4.17)

3.3.3. Railway

A national or regional transport system for vehicles running on rails.

3.3.4. Tramway

A local transport system for vehicles running on rails.

3.3.5. Aerial ropeway

A local transport system for cabins or containers suspended from a cable (6.4.53) by an intermediate support system.

3.3.6. Underground railway

Railway (3.3.3) operating mainly below ground level (9.2.33).

3.3.7. Mass transit railway

An urban railway (3.3.3) for high-speed and high passenger density operation.

3.3.8. Monorail

Railway (3.3.3) consisting of a single running track and supporting beam (5.1.12).

3.3.9. Track

An assembly (5.5.5) of rails, sleepers (3.3.10), fastenings (5.5.72) and stone chippings or other bedding, forming a way for vehicles.

3.3.10. Sleeper

A member providing vertical and lateral support for the rails of a railway (3.3.3) or tramway (3.3.4).

3.3.11. Airfield

A bounded area including buildings (3.1.3), installations (5.4.3) and equipment serving the take-off, landing and movement of aircraft.

3.3.12. Airport

An area including an airfield (3.3.11) and facilities serving passenger and goods traffic.

3.3.13. Noise barrier

Structure (3.1.4) to deflect or absorb sound.

3.3.14. Noise bund

Noise barrier (3.3.13) in the shape of an embankment (3.2.3).

3.3.15. Subgrade

The upper part of the earth (6.2.2) strata, natural or constructed, used for bearing the loads (9.3.19) imposed by the structure (5.1.2) of a road (3.3.1).

3.3.16. Road formation

The uppermost surface of the subgrade (3.3.15) when earthworks (7.1.6) are completed.

3.3.17. Pavement

A road (3.3.1), runway or similar works (5.5.6) above the subgrade (3.3.15).

3.3.18. Tunnel

A transverse or inclined way having part of its length (9.2.18) under the ground.

3.3.19. Bridge

Civil engineering works (3.1.2) providing a way for pedestrians, animals, vehicles and other services to cross above an obstacle or between two points at some height (9.2.20) above the subsoil (6.2.1).

3.3.20. Arch bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) with the main structure (5.1.2) consisting of one or more arches (5.1.18).

3.3.21. Bowstring bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) with the main structure (5.1.2) consisting of an arch (5.1.8) and a tie (5.1.23).

3.3.22. Cantilever bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) of which the main **

3.3.23. Cable-stayed bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) with the main structural members (5.1.3) being cantilever beams (5.1.12) on the deck (5.1.38), suspended by a tower and one or two inclined cables (6.4.23) stretched from the top of the tower.

3.3.24. Suspension bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) with the main structural members (5.1.3) consisting of cables (6.4.53) suspending the deck (5.1.38).

3.3.25. Floating bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) floating on the water surface.

3.3.26. Movable bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) crossing a waterway, with a deck (5.1.38) that can be moved.

3.3.27. Bascule bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) with a deck (5.1.38) fitted with counterweights and a horizontal pivot.

3.3.28. Vertical lift bridge

Movable bridge (3.3.26) with a deck (5.1.38) that can be raised vertically.

3.3.29. Swing bridge

Movable bridge (3.3.26) with a deck (5.1.38) that can rotate vertically.

3.3.30. Skew bridge

Bridge (3.3.19) with a longitudinal axis not perpendicular to the support lines.

3.3.31. Viaduct

Bridge (3.3.19) with multiple spans.

3.3.32. . . . . .

Bridge (3.3.19) spanning a large height (9.2.20).

3.3.33. Footbridge

Bridge (3.3.19) for pedestrians.

3.3.34. Railway platform

Raised structure (3.1.4) used for passengers and goods to board and alight trains.

3.3.35. Highway

A road that all vehicles have the right to use, in which certain levels of traffic (10.5) may be restricted.

3.3.36. Carriageway

The part of a road (3.3.1) or highway (3.3.35) constructed for vehicular traffic (10.5), including auxiliary parts such as traffic lanes (3.3.50), crossings and lay-bys (3.3.37).

3.3.37. Lay-by

Part of a highway (3.3.35) arranged along the road, for vehicles to leave the carriageway (3.3.36) and park there for a short period of time.

3.3.38. Motorway

Road (3.3.1) with restricted entry, two carriageways (3.3.36), and not intersected by other traffic lanes (3.3.50) at the same level (9.2.33), only for certain specific types of motor vehicles.

3.3.39. Vehicle restraint system

Structure (5.1.2) comprising a horizontal system to prevent reckless driving vehicles to limit damage and injury.

3.3.40. Hard shoulder

Strip adjacent to and adjoining the carriageway (3.3.36), used by vehicles in case of breakdown or congestion.

3.3.41. Road safety fence

Vehicle restraint system (3.3.39) constructed along or on the central reserve (3.3.49) of a road (3.3.1) in the form of one or more transverse members attached to posts (5.1.56).

3.3.42. Road safety barrier

Vehicle restraint system (3.3.39) constructed along the carriageway (3.3.36) in the form of a low long wall or similar structure (5.5.6).

3.3.43. Crash cushion

An energy-absorbing device installed in front of a rigid object to reduce the severity of vehicle impact.

3.3.44. Arrester bed

Land area (10.1) adjacent to a road (3.3.1), covered by a layer of special material, designed to slow down and hold reckless vehicles. It is usually located along the downward slope of the road surface.

3.3.45. Cycle track

A way or part of a road (3.3.1) only for bicycles.

3.3.46. Kerb

Usually vertical road edge, located at the edge of the carriageway (3.3.36), hard shoulder, hard shoulder (3.3.40) or footway (3.3.58)

3.3.47. Soft shoulder

Strip running along the carriageway (3.3.36) but not used for vehicular traffic (10.5).

3.3.48. Verge

A part of the highway (3.3.35) running along a carriageway (3.3.36) at almost the same level (9.2.32), not an embankment (3.2.3) or slope.

Alternative term: Roof edge (5.2.41)

NOTE: It may include a footway (3.3.58) and cycle track (3.3.45).

3.3.49. Central reserve

Area separating the carriageways (3.3.36) of a road (3.3.1) with two carriageways.

3.3.50. Traffic lane

Strip of carriageway (3.3.36) for one lane of vehicles, usually identified by road markings (5.5.69).

3.3.51. Underpass

A way beneath a road (3.3.1) or beneath a structure (3.1.4) for convenient traffic (10.5).

3.3.52. Flyover

A way above a road (3.3.1) or above a structure (3.1.4) for convenient traffic (10.5).

3.3.53. . . . . .

A way below a reference road

3.3.54. . . . . .

A way above a reference road.

3.3.55. Traffic calming

Encouraging self-control and ways of acting, by using forms such as placing bumps on the surface of roads (3.3.1) and reducing the width (9.1.16) of roads with high pedestrian traffic.

3.3.56. Contraflow

Temporarily moving two traffic (10.5) streams in opposite directions on the same side of a road (3.3.1) with two carriageways (3.3.36).

3.3.57. Footpath

Path for pedestrians.

3.3.58. Footway

Part of a road (3.3.1) only for pedestrians.

3.3.59. Service area

Land area (10.1) with access from a highway (3.3.35), used for certain amenities and services.

3.3.60. Vehicle park

Area prepared for parking a number of motor vehicles.

3.3.61. Multi-storey car park

Building (3.1.3) in which vehicles are parked on different storeys (4.1.2).

3.3.62. Parking space

An area used for parking one vehicle.

3.3.63. Building line

Line defining the outer extent of a building (3.1.3) adjacent to a road (3.3.1) to ensure visibility.

3.3.64. Canal

Watercourse (5.4.16) constructed to transport water for navigation, but can also be used for irrigation, irrigation (3.2.28) to collect rainwater or seepage water (10.24) from surface water drainage (5.4.35) systems.

3.3.65. Canalized river

A river whose water level (9.2.23) has been adjusted to create a canal (3.3.64) by using locks (3.3.66) and weirs (3.2.29) spaced along the river to allow navigation.

3.3.66. Lock

Closed off on a river, canal (3.3.64) or at the entrance to a dock (3.3.69), with watertight gates that can be moved to allow boats to pass and raise the water level (9.2.32) to another level.

Alternative term: lock (5.5.40).

3.3.67. Basin

An enclosed or screened part of a body of water for ships to anchor or load.

3.3.68. Berth

A place for a ship to anchor, usually for loading or transporting passengers.

3.3.69. Dock

Basin (3.3.67) for ships.

3.3.70. Dry dock

Dock (3.3.69) with a gate for dry drainage or pumping, drying the dock for ship building or repair.

3.3.71. Pier

An open-air structure (3.1.4), projecting far from the shore, used for promenading or as a berth (3.3.68).

Alternative term: pier (5.1.54)

3.3.72. Dolphin

Standalone structure (3.14) or a secure point used to move ships or facilitate anchoring at a berth (3.3.68).

3.3.73. Cul-de-sac

Road (3.3.1) with only one entrance.

3.3.74. Roundabout

Part of a road (3.3.1), at an intersection, where traffic (10.5) circulates in one direction around it.

3.4. Buildings

3.4.1. Housing

Building (3.1.3) used for living.

3.4.2. Dwelling

Unit of housing (3.4.1).

3.4.3. Flat

Dwelling (3.4.2) mainly on one storey (4.1.2) of a large building (3.1.3).

3.4.4. Maisonette

Dwelling (3.4.2) with more than one storey (4.1.2) within a large building (3.1.3).

3.4.5. House

Building (3.1.3) designed for one dwelling (3.4.2).

3.4.6. Bungalow

Small house (3.4.5) with only one storey (4.1.2).

3.4.7. . . . . .

Building (3.1.3) with a large volume, but not an agricultural and industrial building (3.1.3).

3.4.8. Store

Building (3.1.3) or space (4.1.1) in a house used to store or distribute goods.

3.4.9. Office building

Building (3.1.3) used mainly for administrative and office work.

3.4.10. Shop

Building (3.1.3) or space (4.1.1) in a house for selling goods or providing services including import and export of goods.

3.4.11. . . . . .

Small shop.

3.4.12. Factory

Building (3.1.3) or group of buildings mainly serving product manufacturing.

3.4.13. Workshop

Building (3.1.3) or space (4.1.1) in a building, mainly for manual or machine processing.

3.4.14. Joinery shop

Place where joinery (5.5.18) is produced.

3.4.15. Air terminal

Building (3.1.3) or group of buildings where passengers or goods or both are transferred from or to aircraft.

3.4.16. Framed building

Building (3.1.3) not relying on a load-bearing wall (5.1.7) system, but only on all or most of a frame (5.1.74) system for strength and stability.

3.4.17. Steel-framed building

Framed building (3.4.16) in which steel is the main structural material (6.1.1).

3.4.18. Timber-framed building

Framed building (3.4.16) in which timber is the main structural material (6.1.1).

NOTE: In the US, the term wood frame construction is used when the width (9.2.16) or thickness (9.2.24) of the timber (6.3.2) members (6.1.3) of the main structure is less than 100 mm.

3.4.19. Platform-frame building

Timber-framed building (3.4.18) with strength and stability relying entirely or largely on a system of load-bearing walls (5.1.7) and studs (5.1.55) on sill plates (5.3.46) supported by floors (5.2.10).

3.4.20. Balloon-frame building

Timber-framed building (3.4.18) with strength and stability relying entirely or largely on a system of load-bearing walls (5.1.7), and studs (5.1.55) in the outer walls extending continuously from the sill plate (5.3.46) to the wall plate (5.1.60) under the roof (5.2.20).

4. Spaces

4.1. Basic terms

4.1.1. Space

An area or volume bounded actually or theoretically.

4.1.2. Storey

Space (4.1.1) between two successive floors (5.2.10) or between a floor and a roof (5.2.20)

NOTE: In the US, this term does not apply to an attic (4.2.2) or space (4.1.1) wholly or partly below ground level (9.2.33).

4.1.3. Room

Enclosed space (4.1.1) in a storey (4.1.2) other than a circulation space (4.4.1).

4.1.4. Bay

A structural division of a building (3.1.3) or of another form of structure (3.1.4).

4.1.5. Extension

An added part of an existing house.

4.1.6. Protected space

Space (4.1.1) with resistance to intrusion by unwanted people or objects.

4.2. Spaces associated with specific parts of the building

4.2.1. Loft

Space (4.1.1) under a pitched roof (5.2.23), with restricted access, intended for non-habitable use and often for storage.

4.2.2. Attic

Room (4.1.3) largely within the space (4.1.1) under a pitched roof (5.2.23)

NOTE: In the US, an attic can also be a space (4.1.1) with a high ceiling (5.2.17) and multiple storeys (4.1.2) for living.

4.2.3. Basement storey

Storey (4.1.2) immediately below the ground floor (4.2.5).

4.2.4. Sub-basement

Any storey (4.1.2) below the basement (4.2.3) of a building (3.1.3).

4.2.5. Ground floor

Storey (4.1.2) with the main entrance at or near ground level (9.2.33).

4.2.6. First floor

Storey (4.1.2) above the ground floor (4.2.5).

4.2.7. Second floor

Storey (4.1.2) above the first floor (4.2.6).

4.2.8. Mezzanine

Part or all of a storey (4.1.2) usually between the ground floor (4.2.5) and first floor (4.2.6) and usually open in whole or in part to one or two sides of the building.

4.2.9. External balcony

Floor area with access, projecting outside the face of a building (3.1.3).

4.2.10. Internal balcony

Flat floor, with access, recessed into the outer face of a building (3.1.3).

4.2.11. Porch

Space (4.1.1) in front of an entrance door (5.3.3) recessed into a building (3.1.3), or projecting and roofed.

4.2.12. Basement

A usable part of a building (3.1.3), wholly or partly below ground level (9.2.23).

NOTE: In the US, basement is a term for a space (4.1.1) with less than half its headroom (9.2.20) below ground level (9.2.23), while cellar (4.2.19) is a term for a space (4.1.1) with more than half its height (9.2.20) below ground level (9.2.23).

4.2.13. Arcade

A roofed passage (4.4.4), often with shops (3.4.10) on one or both sides.

4.2.14. Gallery

Space (4.1.1) above, surrounded by a balustrade (5.2.66) (5.2.67) opening into a larger space.

NOTE: In the US, gallery is a term for a small shop (3.4.10), such as an art exhibition room.

4.2.15. Balcony

Floor area with access within a storey (4.1.2), not enclosed by walls (5.1.7) all around.

4.2.16. Courtyard

Open-air space (4.1.1), surrounded by buildings (3.1.3), walls (5.1.7) or fences (5.5.74).

4.2.17. Forecourt

Courtyard (4.2.16) in front of a building (3.1.3).

4.2.18. Wing

Part of a building (3.1.3) subsidiary to the main part of the building.

4.2.19. Cellar

Basement (4.2.12) used for storage, heating plant (5.4.11) and other purposes, not for habitation.

NOTE: In the US, cellar (4.2.19) is a term for a space (4.1.1) with more than half its height (9.2.20) below ground level (9.2.23), while basement (4.2.12) is a term for a space (4.1.1) with less than half its height (9.2.20) below ground level.

4.2.20. Loading bay

Recessed area with a floor for loading from motor vehicles.

4.3. Functional spaces

4.3.1. Activity space

Space (4.1.1) for an activity, including the space occupied by equipment serving that activity.

4.3.2. . . . . .

Space (4.1.1) minimally necessary to conduct an activity around the necessary appliances (5.4.7).

4.3.3. Working space

Additional space (4.1.1) along a trench (3.2.12) or excavation (3.2.2) for convenient construction below ground level (9.2.33); or other spaces on site (3.1.6) required to ensure that construction work (7.1.1) can proceed.

4.3.4. Toilet

Room (4.1.3) in which a WC suite (5.4.9) and/or one or more urinals and wash basins are installed.

4.3.5. WC

Room (4.1.3) in which a WC suite (5.4.9) is installed.

4.3.6. Washroom

Room (4.1.3) in which one or more wash basins are installed.

4.3.7. Office

Space (4.1.1) within a building (3.1.3), used mainly for administrative or accounting work.

4.3.8. Hall

Room (4.1.3) for meetings.

Alternative term: Hall (4.4.5)

4.3.9. Terrace

Elongated horizontal area for use, often surrounded by a balustrade (5.2.66) (5.2.67).

4.3.10. Verandah

Roofed terrace (4.3.9), running along one side of a building (3.1.3).

4.3.11. Inspection pit

Place to inspect substructures (5.1.4) and other services (5.4.1).

4.3.12. Light well

Roofless space (4.1.1) enclosed on the sides. This space provides extra light to a storey (4.1.2) of a building (3.1.3) and may provide ventilation.

4.3.13. Basement area

Roofless space (4.1.1) below ground level (9.2.23) and outside a building (3.1.3). This space is used to provide light and air to rooms (4.1.3) in the basement (4.2.12).

4.3.14. Basement access

Roofless space (4.1.1), below ground level (9.2.23), leading to rooms (4.1.3) in the basement (4.2.12).

4.4. Spaces associated with circulation and access

4.4.1. Circulation space

Space (4.1.1) for the movement of people, goods and vehicles.

4.4.2. Means of access

A way, shared or private, for people or vehicles, leading to or into the entrance.

4.4.3. Corridor

Enclosed narrow circulation space (4.4.1), leading to rooms (4.1.3) and other spaces (4.1.1).

4.4.4. Passage

Narrow circulation space (4.4.1) enclosed on both sides for pedestrians.

NOTE: The passage may be covered or not.

4.4.5. Hall

Central circulation space (4.4.1) to access one or more rooms (4.1.3).

4.4.6. Entrance hall

Large circulation space (4.4.1), located at the entrance of a building (3.1.3).

4.4.7. Access balcony

Internal balcony (4.2.10) or external balcony (4.2.9) leading to several dwellings.

NOTE: The dwelling unit may be separate dwellings (3.4.2) or other forms, e.g. offices (4.3.7).

4.4.8. Walkway

Construction (5.5.6) creating an elevated way alongside a building.

4.4.9. Crawlway

Space (4.1.1) leading to services (5.4.1), with headroom only sufficient to crawl into.

4.4.10. Gangway

Circulation space (4.4.1) leading to appliances (5.5.3), machinery and other equipment.

4.4.11. Service duct

Duct (5.4.12) providing operating space (4.1.1) for inspection and maintenance (7.1.40) work.

4.4.12. Air lock

Sealed space (4.1.1) with two doors (5.3.3) between two environments (10.3) having different air conditions, allowing passage from one environment to the other without significantly affecting them.

4.4.13. Lobby

Enclosed space (4.1.1), usually near an entrance, leading to rooms (4.1.3) or other spaces.

4.4.14. Lift well

Space (4.1.1) for a lift car (5.4.30) and counterweight (if any) to travel, enclosed by the pit, nearly vertical walls (5.1.7) and a ceiling (5.2.17).

4.4.15. Stairwell

Space (4.1.1) accommodating a surrounding stair (5.5.20).

4.4.16. Stair enclosure

The enclosing walls (5.1.7) around a stair (5.5.20).

4.4.17. Exit

Designated point of departure from a building (3.1.3).

Alternative term: Exit (3.3.2)

5. Parts of buildings and civil engineering works

5.1. Structural parts

5.1.1. Foundation

Construction (5.5.6) to transmit forces (9.3.22) to the supporting ground (6.2.1).

5.1.2. Structure

An assembly of members jointed together and designed to provide rigidity.

Alternative term: Structure (3.1.4)

5.1.3. Structural member

A part of a structure (5.1.2) to carry forces (9.3.22).

5.1.4. Substructure

The part of a structure (5.1.2) largely or wholly below the level (9.2.32) of the adjoining ground (6.2.1) or at a specified level.

5.1.5. Superstructure

The part of a structure (5.1.2) above the substructure (5.1.4).

5.1.6. Carcass

Building (3.1.3) finished as regards structure but not in other respects.

5.1.7. Wall

A vertical construction (5.5.6) enclosing or subdividing a space (4.1.1), performing a load-bearing or retaining function.

Alternative term: Partition wall (5.2.45)

5.1.8. Arch

A curved structural member (5.1.3), spanning an opening or recess, designed to carry loads (9.3.19) between its supports.

5.1.9. Springing

The plane of support for an arch (5.1.8).

5.1.10. Relieving arch

An arch (5.1.8) built into a wall (5.1.7) to reduce the load (9.3.19) from above on the wall below it.

5.1.11. Column

A slender, usually vertical structural member (5.1.3), designed to transmit forces (9.3.22), primarily in compression (9.3.32), to its base.

5.1.12. Beam

A horizontal or near horizontal structural member (5.1.3), narrow in proportion to its length (9.2.18), designed to carry loads (9.3.19) between or beyond its supports.

5.1.13. Girder

A large main beam (5.1.40) supporting other main beams or secondary beams. It is a solid beam or a beam comprising a bottom chord, a top chord, and with or without a web (5.5.94).

5.1.14. Box girder

A girder (5.1.13) whose cross-section has a closed hollow structure, single or multiple cell type.

5.1.15. Plate girder

A girder (5.1.13) with a web (5.5.94) and flange (5.5.93) fabricated from separate sections (6.1.7) or plates (5.5.17).

5.1.16. Joist

One of a series of parallel beams (5.1.12), usually horizontal.

NOTE: In the US, the term is usually applied to a timber (6.3.2) beam (5.1.12) with a nominal width (9.2.16) not greater than 50 mm, with the thickness (9.2.24) and length (9.2.18) varying according to the span (9.2.10).

5.1.17. Joist hanger

A metal device to support two ends of a timber (6.3.2) joist (5.1.16).

5.1.18. Cantilever

The part of a beam (5.1.12) or slab (5.5.15), extending beyond its end support.

5.1.19. Truss

A triangulated frame (5.1.74) designed to act as a beam (5.1.12).

5.1.20. Lattice girder

A truss (5.1.19) with parallel or nearly parallel top and bottom chord members, connected by diagonal web (5.5.94) members.

5.1.21. Vierendeel truss

A truss (5.1.19) having vertical structural members (5.1.3) rigidly connected to the top and bottom chords.

5.1.22. Strut

A structural member (5.1.3) carrying an axial force (9.3.22), working in compression (9.3.32).

5.1.23. Tie

A structural member (5.1.3) carrying an axial force (9.3.22), working in tension (9.3.22).

5.1.24. Prestressing tendon

A steel bar (6.1.4) or group of bars, wires stressed in tension to induce compression in prestressed concrete (6.4.22) or masonry (5.5.12).

5.1.25. Pre-tensioning

The method of producing prestressed concrete (6.4.22) in which the prestressing tendons (5.1.24) are stressed in the concrete member and held in tension by anchorages until the concrete has attained the required strength.

5.1.26. Windbrace

Structural member (5.1.3) of a wind bracing (5.1.70) system.

5.1.27. Structural steelwork

Structural members (5.1.3) of a steel frame (5.1.74).

5.1.28. Shell construction

Structure (5.1.2) in the form of a concrete slab (5.1.34) or panel (5.2.49), thin and curved.

5.1.29. Air-supported structure

Structure (5.1.2) formed by a thin, flexible membrane, anchored to the foundations (5.1.1) and supported by air pressure.

5.1.30. Stressed-skin structure

Structure (5.1.2) formed by load-bearing members designed to transmit forces (9.3.22) along the surface and contribute to the overall load-bearing of that structure.

5.1.31. Folded-plate structure

A roof (5.2.20) structure (5.1.2), whose inherent load-bearing capacity is achieved by a folded slab (5.5.15) member.

5.1.32. Space structure

A three-dimensional structure (5.1.2) carrying forces (9.3.22) applied at any point, inclined at any angle to the surface of the structure, and acting in any direction.

5.1.33. Flat slab

A concrete slab (5.1.34) without projections or depressions.

5.1.34. Concrete slab

A horizontal or nearly horizontal concrete (6.4.15) structure (5.1.2) of large area compared to its thickness (9.2.24).

5.1.35. Floor slab

A slab (5.5.15) of large area, functioning as a floor (5.2.10) structure.

5.1.36. Solid floor

A floor (5.2.10) consisting of a floor slab (5.1.35) without voids or filled voids.

5.1.37. Deck

A floor at an upper level, not enclosed and without a roof (5.2.20).

5.1.38. Deck

The floor (5.2.10) or subsidiary floor of a bridge (3.3.19).

5.1.39. Continuous beam

A beam (5.1.12) spanning three or more supports.

5.1.40. Main beam

A beam (5.1.12) supporting other beams but not itself supported by beams.

5.1.41. Secondary beam

A beam (5.1.12) transmitting loads (9.3.19) to a main beam (5.1.40) at one or both ends.

5.1.42. Trussed beam

A beam (5.1.12) stiffened by triangular bracing (5.1.68).

5.1.43. Upstand beam

A beam (5.1.12) projecting above a slab (5.5.15).

5.1.44. Downstand beam

A beam (5.1.12) projecting below a slab (5.5.15), into a space (4.1.1).

5.1.45. Spreader beam

A beam (5.1.12) designed to distribute a concentrated load (9.3.19).

5.1.46. Rafter

An inclined structural member (5.1.3), usually arranged in a series to support the roofing (5.2.21) of a pitched roof (5.2.23).

5.1.47. Purlin

A beam (5.1.12) parallel to the eaves (5.2.37) used as an intermediate support for rafters (5.1.46) or roofing (5.2.21)

5.1.48. Plate

A section (6.1.7) used to support other components.

Alternative term: Metal plate (5.5.17).

5.1.49. Roof truss

A triangular plane frame (5.1.75), usually arranged in a series to support a roof (5.2.20).

5.1.50. Trussed rafter

A roof truss (5.1.49) comprising rafters (5.1.46), members (6.1.3) of the same thickness (9.2.24) and in the same plane, to carry loads (9.3.19) together.

5.1.51. Stanchion

A metal column (5.1.11) functioning as a post (5.1.56) in a guarding system.

5.1.52. Short column

A column (5.1.11) short enough to ignore buckling in design.

5.1.53. Slender column

A column (5.1.11) long enough to consider buckling in design.

5.1.54. Pier

A solid vertical structural member (5.1.3) transmitting compressive forces (9.3.22) acting on it to its base.

Alternative term: Pier (3.3.71).

5.1.55. Stud

One of a series of vertical structural members (5.1.3) in a partition (5.2.45), or a vertical member in a load-bearing wall (5.1.7).

5.1.56. Post

A light vertical support member.

5.1.57. Attached pier

A thickened section of a wall (5.1.7) structure, at intervals along the wall.

5.1.58. Bridge pier

The intermediate supporting part of a bridge (3.3.19).

5.1.59. Pilaster

A narrow rectangular column (5.1.11) or pier (5.1.54), fully attached to the face of a wall (5.1.7).

5.1.60. Wall plate

A structural member (5.1.3) along the top of a wall (5.1.7) or built into its length (9.2.18) to distribute forces (9.3.32) from joists (5.1.16), rafters (5.1.46) or roof trusses (5.1.49).

5.1.61. Padstone

A masonry unit (6.4.48) incorporated in a structure (5.1.2) to distribute a concentrated load (9.3.19).

5.1.62. Abutment

A construction (5.5.6) resisting lateral thrust and vertical loads (9.3.19) usually transmitted from an arch (5.1.8) or bridge (3.3.19).

5.1.63. Bridge abutment

An abutment (5.1.62) used as the end support of a bridge (3.3.19).

5.1.64. Buttress

A construction (5.5.6) projecting from part of a building (3.1.3) or built against a wall face to resist lateral thrust.

5.1.65. Shear wall

A wall (5.1.7) resisting lateral forces (9.3.22) acting in its plane.

5.1.66. Spine wall

An internal load-bearing wall (5.1.7), parallel to the main axis of a building (3.1.3).

5.1.67. Diaphragm wall

A wall (5.1.7) comprising two leaves (5.2.53) separated by a hollow space, framed by vertical webs (5.5.94).

Alternative term: Diaphragm wall (3.2.17)

5.1.68. Bracing

A system of inclined structural members (5.1.3), working in compression (9.3.32) or tension, and increasing the stiffness of a structure (5.1.2).

5.1.69. Herring-bone bracing

Small structural members (5.1.3) crossing each other at the middle of adjacent joists (5.1.16) or other components, to counteract instability and allow the distribution of loads (9.3.19).

5.1.70. Wind bracing

Bracing (5.1.68) designed to resist forces (9.3.22) from the wind.

5.1.71. Shore

A temporary strut (5.1.22) supporting earth pressures or part of a structure (5.1.2).

5.1.72. Sheet piling

Vertical members driven deep into the subsoil (6.2.2) in a continuous series, usually to resist lateral pressure.

5.1.73. Steel sheet pile

Interlocking steel piles (5.1.79) to resist lateral pressure.

5.1.74. Frame

A structure (5.1.2) composed mainly of straight or curved structural members (5.1.3).

Alternative term: Door frame (5.3.20).

5.1.75. Plane frame

A frame (5.1.74) in a single plane.

5.1.76. Portal frame

A frame (5.1.74) formed of two columns (5.1.11) rigidly connected by a beam (5.1.12) spanning across the top.

5.1.77. Space frame

A three-dimensional assembly (5.5.5) of structural members (6.1.3), to span large openings.

5.1.78. Ground anchorage

A device (5.4.3) capable of transmitting tensile and shear (9.3.35) forces (9.3.22) to the load-bearing strata.

5.1.79. Pile

A slender, usually underground structural member (5.1.3) to transmit forces (9.3.22) to load-bearing strata below the subsoil (6.2.1).

5.1.80. Bored cast-in-place pile

A bored pile (5.1.79), formed by continuous or discontinuous earthworks (7.1.6) in which the borehole is progressively filled with concrete (6.4.15).

5.1.81. Driven pile

A pile (5.1.79) driven into the subsoil (6.2.1) by hammering, vibration or static pressure, displacing the earth (6.2.2).

5.1.82. End bearing pile

A pile (5.1.79) transmitting forces (9.3.22) to the subsoil (6.2.1) mainly through compression (9.3.22) at the pile toe.

5.1.83. Friction pile

A pile (5.1.79) transmitting forces (9.3.22) to the subsoil (6.2.1) mainly through friction between the pile surface and the adjacent earth.

5.1.84. Pile cap

A construction (5.5.6) overlying one or more pile (5.1.79) heads, transmitting forces (9.3.22) from a structure (5.1.2) to those piles.

5.1.85. Footing

A stepped construction (5.5.6) to distribute loads (9.3.19) at the base of a wall (5.1.7) or column (5.1.11).

5.1.86. Raft foundation

A foundation (5.1.1) in the form of a monolithic concrete slab (5.1.34) structure extending over the whole base of a structure (5.1.2).

NOTE: The raft foundation sometimes extends beyond the base of the structure.

5.1.87. Strip foundation

A long, narrow, usually horizontal foundation (5.1.1).

5.1.88. Piled foundation

A foundation (5.1.1) formed of one or more piles (5.1.79).

5.1.89. Caisson

A hollow, watertight structure (5.1.2), with strong walls (5.1.7), including one or more chambers, sunk beneath the subsoil (6.2.1) or water, to form a firm enclosure for a deep foundation (5.1.1).

5.1.90. Open caisson

A caisson (5.1.89) open at both top and bottom.

5.1.91. . . . . .

Foundation (5.1.1) concreted within the excavation (3.2.2) of a shaft (3.2.13)

5.1.92. Structural hollow section

A structural pipe (6.1.8)

5.1.93. Rolled-steel section

A steel product (6.1.2) produced by rolling.

5.1.94. T-section

A member with a T-shaped cross-section having equal flanges (5.5.93).

5.1.95. I-section

A member with an I-shaped cross-section.

5.1.96. Angle

A member with an L-shaped cross-section, the width (9.2.16) of the legs being equal or unequal.

5.1.97. Channel section

A member with a C-shaped cross-section.

5.1.98. H-section

A member with an H-shaped cross-section.

5.1.99. Rolled-steel joist (RSJ)

A rolled-steel section (5.1.93) with an I-shaped cross-section but tapered and thicker flange (5.5.93) thickness (9.2.24) at the web (5.5.94).

5.1.100. Bonding

The arrangement of masonry units (6.4.48) so that the vertical joints (5.5.31) of one course do not coincide with those of the courses immediately above and below it.

Alternative term: Bonding (9.3.7)

5.2. Dividing and enclosing parts

5.2.1. Infill

An assembly (5.5.5) of single or composite products (6.1.2), used to fill a gap or opening (5.3.1), or to form a facade (5.2.43).

5.2.2. Lining

A dry external covering for any internal surface of a building (3.1.3).

5.2.3. Boarding

Timber (6.3.2) boards (6.1.11) used for finishing [e.g. for floors (5.2.10) or walls (5.1.7)].

NOTE: In the US, wood is the term used for external wall (5.1.7) cladding (5.2.42) and flooring is the term for floor (5.2.12) covering boards.

5.2.4. Weatherboard

A raised cast component for fitting to the underside rail of an external doorset (5.3.3), to resist water ingress at the threshold (5.3.45) or sill.

5.2.5. Vapour control layer

A layer of material (6.1.1) used to restrict the transmission of water vapour.

5.2.6. Tile

A small, thin, flat or shaped component (6.1.3), used to form a covering layer.

5.2.7. Grating

An open mesh (5.2.51), placed over an opening (5.3.1) in a wall (5.1.7), floor (5.2.10) or pavement (3.3.17).

5.2.8. Grille

An open mesh (5.2.51), for subdividing a space (4.1.1), or placed over a relatively large opening (5.3.1) in a wall (5.1.7) or ceiling (5.2.17).

5.2.9. Barrier

A structure (3.1.4) (5.1.2) or construction (5.5.6) to protect or restrict movement.

5.2.10. Floor

The horizontal construction (5.5.6) forming the lower boundary of any space (4.1.1) in a building (3.1.3).

5.2.11. Open floor

A floor (5.2.10) without a ceiling (5.2.17) concealing its underside.

5.2.12. Flooring

The uppermost layer of a floor (5.2.10), intended to be used as a wearing surface.

5.2.13. Underlay

A product (6.1.2) or component (6.1.3), usually in the form of a thin sheet (6.1.9), laid beneath flooring (5.2.12).

5.2.14. Concrete block paving

A surfacing in which rectangular prestressed concrete (6.4.21) blocks (6.1.6) are laid to a pattern.

5.2.15. Floating floor

A construction (5.5.6), comprising layers over a floor (5.2.10) laid on a resilient bed or cradles for sound insulation or vibration isolation or both.

5.2.16. Suspended floor

A floor (5.2.10) supported on cradles.

5.2.17. Ceiling

A construction (5.5.6) concealing the underside of a floor (5.2.10) or roof (5.2.20), enclosing a space (4.1.1) above its surface, to conceal structural members (5.1.3) or electrical and mechanical systems.

5.2.18. False ceiling

A ceiling (5.2.17) used to reduce the height (9.2.20) of a space (4.1.1) or to provide space for services (5.4.1).

5.2.19. Suspended ceiling

A ceiling (5.2.17) hung some distance below the supporting floor (5.2.10) or roof (5.2.20).

5.2.20. Roof

The construction (5.5.6) covering the top of a building (3.1.3).

5.2.21. Roofing

The top layer or layers of a roof (5.2.20) to form a weatherproof surface.

5.2.22. Flat roof

A roof (5.2.20) that is horizontal or has a slope (9.2.30) not greater than 10°.

5.2.23. Pitched roof

A roof (5.2.20) having a slope (9.2.30) greater than 10° (approximately 15%).

5.2.24. Monopitch roof

A pitched roof (5.2.23) having only one roof plane.

5.2.25. Lean-to roof

A monopitched roof (5.2.24) with the higher edge bearing on and supported by walls (5.1.7) above the level (9.2.32) of the roof (5.2.20), or supported on structural members (5.1.3) adjacent to or alongside a wall.

5.2.26. Shell roof

A roof (5.2.20) in the form of a thin, curved slab (5.5.15) structure.

5.2.27. Mansard roof

A pitched roof (5.2.23) with two slopes on each side of the ridge (5.2.39) and running from ridge to eaves (5.2.37).

5.2.28. Gable roof

A pitched roof (5.2.23) terminating the construction at one or both ends in a gable (5.2.64).

5.2.29. Hipped roof

A pitched roof (5.2.23) with a part-hipped end at the hips (5.2.38) at one or both ends.

5.2.30. Sawtooth roof

A series of pitched roofs (5.2.23), each with a more steeply inclined plane partly or wholly glazed.

5.2.31. Cold roof

A roof (5.2.20) with a layer of insulation at ceiling (5.2.17) level (9.2.32) and ventilated between the insulation and the roofing (5.2.21).

5.2.32. Warm roof

A roof (5.2.20) with a layer of insulation immediately below the weatherproof covering and a vapour control layer (5.2.5) underneath the insulation.

5.2.33. Inverted roof

A roof (5.2.20) with a layer of thermal insulation (6.4.32) material laid above the waterproof covering.

5.2.34. Open roof

A roof (5.2.20) without a ceiling (5.2.17) fixed or suspended from it.

5.2.35. Canopy

A roof-like covering, often projecting beyond and across the entrance, a window (5.3.5) or along the edge of a wall (5.1.7).

5.2.36. Barge board

A board fitted along the upper edge of a gable wall (5.2.64).

5.2.37. Eaves

The lower edge of a pitched roof (5.2.23) or edge of a flat roof (5.2.22).

5.2.38. Hip

The inclined intersection of two sloping surfaces of a pitched roof (5.2.23) forming an external angle.

5.2.39. Ridge

The intersection at the top of two sloping surfaces of a pitched roof (5.2.23), forming the top of the roof (5.2.20).

5.2.40. Valley

The inclined intersection of two sloping surfaces of a pitched roof (5.2.23) forming an internal angle.

5.2.41. Verge

The inclined edge of a pitched roof (5.2.23).

Alternative term: Verge (3.3.48).

5.2.42. Cladding

A non-load-bearing, vertical, usually protective, external facing of a structure (5.1.2).

5.2.43. Facade

The external face of the enclosing walls (5.1.7) of a building (3.1.3), usually non-load-bearing, which may include a curtain wall (5.2.54), cladding (5.2.42) or other external finishes.

5.2.44. Weatherboarding

Cladding (5.2.42) fixed mechanically, consisting of overlapping or interlocked horizontal boarding (5.2.3) slats.

5.2.45. Partition

A non-load-bearing, vertical, internal construction (5.5.6) dividing a space (4.1.1).

Alternative term: Wall (5.1.7).

5.2.46. Framed partition

A partition (5.2.45) consisting of a load-bearing plane frame (5.1.75) with facings or infill (5.2.1).

5.2.47. Double stud wall

A wall (5.1.7) having two parallel lines of studs (5.1.55).

NOTE: In the US, a double stud wall is a wall (5.1.7) with two parallel lines of studs (5.1.55) set on separate sill plates (5.3.46), while a staggered stud wall is a wall with two parallel single lines of studs set on a common sole plate.

5.2.48. Timber frame wall panel

A wall (5.1.7) unit consisting of a frame (5.1.74) with timber (6.3.2) members (5.1.3), faced on at least one side with wood-based panels (6.3.26) or other board (6.1.9) materials.

5.2.49. Panel

An infill (5.2.1) material of wood-based panel (6.3.26) fitted within a frame (5.1.74).

5.2.50. Screen

A free-standing partition (5.2.45), not necessarily full floor (5.2.10) to ceiling (5.2.17) height. It affords some separation or protection, or both.

Alternative term: Screen (7.3.18)

5.2.51. Screen

A vertical, non-load-bearing construction (5.5.6) affording partial visual separation or protection from noise, wind, escaping fumes, or both.

Alternative term: Screen (7.3.18)

5.2.52. Cavity wall

A wall (5.1.7) having two parallel skins, two leaves (5.2.53), securely tied together and having a space between them.

5.2.53. Leaf

One of two parallel walls (5.1.7) securely tied together.

5.2.54. Curtain wall

A non-load-bearing wall (5.1.7), on the outside and enclosing a building (3.1.3).

5.2.55. Gable wall

A wall (5.1.7) of which a gable (5.2.64) forms a part.

5.2.56. External panel wall

An outer-building wall (5.1.7) used as an infill (5.2.1) between structural members (5.1.3).

5.2.57. Separating wall

A wall (5.1.7) used to divide adjoining buildings (3.1.3).

5.2.58. Party wall

A separating wall (5.2.57) between two buildings (3.1.3) of different ownership.

5.2.59. Firewall

A separating wall (5.2.57) preventing the spread of fire from one building (3.1.3) to another.

5.2.60. Sleeper wall

A low, load-bearing wall (5.1.7) used to provide intermediate support to a suspended floor (5.2.16) at ground level (9.2.33).

5.2.61. Parapet

A construction (5.5.6) or guard along the edge of an elevated surface, e.g. a roof (5.2.20), balcony (4.2.9), internal balcony (4.2.10), terrace (4.3.9), bridge (3.3.19) or embankment (3.2.3).

5.2.62. Trussed partition

A framed partition (5.2.46), designed as a truss (5.1.19), spanning between supports. It carries its own weight and any load (9.3.19) transmitted from an overhead floor (5.2.10).

5.2.63. Apron

The part of a wall (5.1.7) below a window (5.3.5).

5.2.64. Gable

The part of a wall (5.1.7) above the level (9.2.32) of the eaves (5.2.37), closing the end of the space (4.1.1) under a pitched roof (5.2.23).

5.2.65. Guarding

A barrier (5.2.9) used to restrain, stop or guide people, or protect against accidental falls from one level (9.2.32) to another.

5.2.66. Balustrade

A protective barrier (5.2.9) formed by a series of vertical, heavy components tied by a coping (5.2.72).

5.2.67. Balustrade

A protective barrier (5.2.9) formed by a series of vertical lightweight components tied above by a handrail (5.2.73).

5.2.68. Baluster

A vertical component (6.1.3) other than a die (5.2.69) of a balustrade (5.2.67).

5.2.69. Die

A solid intermediate post (5.1.56) of a balustrade (5.2.66) or balustrade (5.2.67).

5.2.70. Newel

A post (5.1.56) supporting one or more strings (5.5.27) or handrails (5.2.73) at the edge of a stair (5.5.20) tread (5.5.25).

5.2.71. Half newel

A reduced-thickness (9.2.24) newel (5.2.70), attached to a wall (5.1.7) at the end of a balustrade (5.2.66) or balustrade (5.2.67).

5.2.72. Coping

A protective construction (5.5.6) for the top of a wall (5.1.7), balustrade (5.2.66) or parapet (5.2.61) and to prevent water running into the construction below.

5.2.73. Handrail

A horizontal, sloping or vertical member, usually grippable by hand, for guiding or supporting.

5.2.74. Pargeting

A decorative coat (6.4.36) of plaster work.

5.2.75. Wall tie

A component (6.1.3) tying together the leaves (5.2.53) of a cavity wall (5.2.52).

5.2.76. Grab rail

A handrail (5.2.73) designed to provide support and aid the transmission of body weight. It is often placed close to showers, baths, WC suites (5.1.9) and wash basins in bathrooms or toilets (4.3.4).

5.3. Doors and associated parts

5.3.1. Opening

A void in a building element (5.5.4).

5.3.2. Doorway

The access to a space (4.1.1) opened or closed by a door (5.3.3)

5.3.3. Door

A construction (5.5.6) to close an opening (5.3.1), mainly for entry or exit or both.

5.3.4. Hatch

An opening (5.3.1) capable of restricting access.

5.3.5. Window

A construction (5.5.6) to close a vertical, or near vertical opening (5.3.1) in a wall (5.1.7) or pitched roof (5.2.23), allowing light in and possibly ventilation.

5.3.6. Light

An individual pane of glass in a window (5.3.5) or door (5.3.3).

5.3.7. Bay window

A construction (5.5.6) with straight vertical sides projecting from the face of a building (3.1.3), and having one or more windows (5.3.5).

5.3.8. Bow window

A curved construction (5.5.6), projecting from the face of a building (3.1.3), and having one or several windows (5.3.5).

5.3.9. Dormer window

A construction (5.5.6) comprising a window (5.3.5) protruding from the sloping plane of a pitched roof (5.2.23).

5.3.10. Clerestory window

A window (5.3.5) in the upper part of a wall (5.1.7), above its junction with the roof (5.2.20).

5.3.11. Lantern light

A protruding construction (5.5.6), with glazing (6.1.20) in its sides above the plane of a flat roof (5.2.22) or above the ridge (5.2.39) of a pitched roof (5.2.23).

5.3.12. Oriel window

A window (5.3.5) projecting from a building (3.1.3) face supported by a corbel (5.5.52) or cantilever (5.1.18).

5.3.13. Rooflight

A construction (5.5.6) over an opening (5.3.1) in a flat roof (5.2.22) or pitched roof (5.2.23) of low slope (9.2.30), mainly to admit light. It comprises a frame (5.3.20) and is glazed (6.1.20).

5.3.14. Roof window

A construction (5.5.6) over an opening (5.3.1) in a pitched roof (5.2.23) to admit light and possibly ventilation.

5.3.15. . . . . .

A construction (5.5.6) over an opening (5.3.1) in a roof (5.2.20), comprising a frame (5.3.20) with glazing (6.1.20), mainly to admit light.

5.3.16. Fanlight

A window (5.3.5) above a door (5.3.3) or light (5.3.6), and within the same frame (5.3.20).

5.3.17. Borrowed light

A window (5.3.5) in an internal wall (5.1.7) or partition (5.2.45).

5.3.18. Laylight

A horizontal glazing (6.1.20), in a ceiling (5.2.17) below a roof window (5.3.14), to admit light.

5.3.19. Fireplace mantel

A frame (5.3.20) projecting from a fireplace (5.3.39).

5.3.20. Frame

A surround to a door (5.3.3) or window (5.3.5) or other opening (5.3.1).

Alternative term: Frame (5.1.74)

5.3.21. Door frame

A frame (5.3.20) in which a door (5.3.3) is fitted.

5.3.22. Window frame

A frame (5.3.20) in which a window (5.3.5) is fitted.

5.3.23. Mullion

A vertical member of an opening (5.3.1) or frame (5.3.20), dividing lights (5.3.6).

5.3.24. Transom

A horizontal member dividing an opening (5.3.1) or frame (5.3.20) of a window (5.3.5) or door (5.3.3).

5.3.25. Casement

A movable and lockable component (6.1.3) of a window (5.3.5). The movement is characterized by a hinge joint to the frame (5.3.20), or may also be of a sliding type.

5.3.26. Shutter

A movable component (6.1.3) fitted to an opening (5.3.1) or duct (5.4.12) to form a barrier (5.2.9) for security purposes or to control the transmission path of light, heat or to retard the spread of fire, smoke or gas.

5.3.27. Sunbreaker

A device mounted on the outside of a building (3.1.3), to reduce the quantity of solar heat transmitted in.

5.3.28. Louvre

An overlapping parallel arrangement of slats (6.1.11) on doors (5.3.3), windows (5.3.5) or other openings (5.3.1), spaced to admit light, air or both into the house and adjustable.

5.3.29. Jamb

The vertical part of a wall (5.1.7) at an opening (5.3.1).

5.3.30. Jamb

The vertical edge part of a frame (5.3.20) or plastered opening lining (5.3.31).

5.3.31. Opening lining

The plaster lining (5.2.2) of an opening (5.3.1).

5.3.32. Reveal

The part set back of a vertical door surface or inner surface of a door jamb (5.3.29).

5.3.33. Lintel

A beam (5.1.12) carrying load (9.3.19) over an opening (5.3.1).

5.3.34. Chimney

A construction (5.5.6) containing one or more flues (5.3.37).

5.3.35. Multi-wall chimney

A chimney (5.3.34) comprising a flue liner (5.3.38) and at least one inner or outer wall (5.1.7) layer.

5.3.36. Chimney stack

The part of a chimney (5.3.34) projecting above the roof (5.2.20).

5.3.37. Flue

The path for the products of combustion to the open air.

5.3.38. Flue liner

The inner lining (5.2.2) of the flue (5.3.37) in a chimney (5.3.34), in contact with the products of combustion.

5.3.39. Fireplace

A construction (5.5.6) for accommodating a fireplace recess (5.3.40).

5.3.40. Fireplace recess

A space (4.1.1) formed by a wall (5.1.7) or chimney breast (5.3.41) for an open fire or accommodating a heating appliance (5.4.7) and having a flue (5.3.37).

5.3.41. Chimney breast

The projecting part of a wall (5.1.7) enclosing a fireplace (5.3.39) or flue (5.3.37).

5.3.42. Chimney shaft

A chimney (5.3.34) of considerable height (9.2.20) and usually containing a flue (5.3.37) of large cross-section.

5.3.43. Sill

The horizontal member at the bottom of a window frame (5.3.22).

5.3.44. Sill

A projecting construction (5.5.6) below an opening (5.3.1) of a window (5.3.5), usually subject to abrasion (9.3.71) of its upper surface.

5.3.45. Sill

The construction (5.5.6) onto which a window frame (5.3.22) or door frame (5.3.21) is fitted.

5.3.46. Sill plate

A horizontal and continuous member (5.1.3) to support a frame (5.3.20).

5.3.47. Window board

A horizontal board fitted internally to a window sill (5.3.43).

5.3.48. Head

The uppermost, usually horizontal, part of a frame (5.3.20) or opening lining (5.3.31).

Alternative term: Head (9.3.43)

5.4. Services, service equipment and appliances

5.4.1. Service

A system for conveying water, gas, heated air, electricity or waste (10.13)

5.4.2. Fitment

Equipment fixed to a building (3.1.3), e.g. sanitary appliances (5.4.8) or kitchen units, equipping a space (4.1.1) for user occupancy.

5.4.3. Installation

An in-place assembly (5.5.5) of materials (6.1.1) and components (6.1.3) to form a service (5.4.1) system.

5.4.4. Water service

A service (5.4.1) for supplying water for various purposes.

5.4.5. Plumbing

Water service (5.4.4) and associated appliances (5.4.7).

Alternative term: Plumbing installation (7.1.10).

5.4.6. Sanitation installation

The installation (5.4.3) of equipment to supply hot and cold water to sanitary appliances (5.4.8) within a building (3.1.3) and to convey waste (10.13) away.

5.4.7. Appliance

A device for user occupancy associated with a service (5.4.1).

5.4.8. Sanitary appliance

Fixed appliances (5.4.7) for the supply of potable water, washing or the discharge of waste water (10.19)

5.4.9. WC suite

A sanitary appliance (5.4.8) comprising a WC pan, seat, flushing apparatus and necessary discharge pipework (5.4.17).

5.4.10. Furnishings

Curtains (5.5.65), carpets and similar soft materials equipping a space (4.1.1) for occupancy.

5.4.11. Plant

Machinery, major equipment, installed to operate a service (5.4.1), e.g. heating.

Alternative term: Construction equipment (7.3.1)

5.4.12. Duct

A space (4.1.1) to form a passageway for air, gas, cables (6.4.53), pipes (5.4.17) and other items.

5.4.13. Duct

A component (6.1.3) forming a duct (5.4.12).

5.4.14. Conduit

A pipe (5.4.17), channel (5.4.16) or tunnel (3.3.18) used to convey liquids or electrical wiring or cables (6.4.53).

5.4.15. Riser

A duct (5.4.12) or pipeline (3.2.32) connecting a service (5.4.1) to equipment at a higher level (9.2.32).

Alternative term: Riser board (5.5.23)

5.4.16. Channel

An open waterway used to convey or hold water.

5.4.17. Pipe

A circular tube (6.1.8) through which a liquid may flow.

5.4.18. Standpipe

A water-containing pipe (5.4.17) or tower, projecting above ground level (6.2.1) and connected to a water distribution system.

5.4.19. Manhole

An opening (5.3.1) with a removable cover, for human access to an enclosed pipeline (3.2.32) or sewer.

5.4.20. Manhole chamber

A chamber built on a drain (5.4.38), sewer (5.4.41) or pipeline (3.2.32), with a removable cover, for human access.

5.4.21. Access cover

A metal plate (5.5.17) often hinged to a frame, if not removable, to permit access to a gate, manhole, trench, pipe (5.4.17), or service duct (4.4.11).

5.4.22. Manhole cover

An access cover (5.4.21) of a manhole (5.4.19).

5.4.23. Pipe fitting

A component (6.1.3) attached to a pipe (5.4.17) for such purposes as connecting, supporting, controlling or changing direction of flow or size (9.2.2) of the waterway.

5.4.24. Socket

The end of a pipe (5.4.17) or pipe fitting (5.4.23), enlarged to receive the end of a pipe, other fitting or sanitary appliance (5.4.8).

5.4.25. O-ring joint

A joint (5.5.30) in which one pipe end fits within a socket (5.4.24) and has an elastomeric ring seal, placed between the pipe (5.4.17) faces or located inside the socket.

5.4.26. Pressure seal joint

A joint (5.5.30) in which the internal fluid pressure increases the compressive force on a compression seal ring or loop.

5.4.27. Escalator

Continuously moving power-driven stairs for conveying passengers up or down.

5.4.28. Moving walkway

An electric power-driven conveyor (7.3.16) with a slope (9.2.30) less than 15°, moving continuously in the direction of travel, on which pedestrians may walk or stand.

5.4.29. Lift

A hoisting appliance serving specific landings (5.5.21) at pre-determined levels (9.2.32). The appliance comprises a cabin or car running at least partly between rigid vertical guides or with a guided angle to the vertical of less than 15°.

5.4.30. Lift car

The load-carrying unit of a lift (5.4.29) for the conveyance of persons and/or goods or objects, or both, up and down.

5.4.31. Goods lift

A lift (5.4.29) mainly intended for the transport of goods and objects, but which may carry persons.

5.4.32. Passenger lift

A lift (5.4.29) mainly intended for the transport of passengers.

5.4.33. Service lift

A lift (5.4.29) with a lift car (5.4.30) which persons cannot enter owing to its dimensions (9.3.2) and means of construction (5.5.6).

5.4.34. Air conditioning

Mechanical processing of air to allow control of temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution of air, within an enclosed space (4.1.1).

5.4.35. Drainage

Removal of surplus water.

5.4.36. Drainage system

A drain (5.4.38) system and associated works for conveying waste water to a disposal tank, sewerage system (5.4.40), outfall or other treatment facility.

5.4.37. Land drainage

A system of conduits (5.4.14), structures (3.1.4) and embankments (3.2.3) used to control water levels (9.2.32) and to protect urban and agricultural land (10.1) from inundation by fresh or saline water, or to mitigate flooding.

5.4.38. Drain

A usually underground conduit (5.4.14) or channel (5.4.16) for conveying waste water (10.19), surface water (10.23) or other liquid waste.

5.4.39. Rainwater gutter

A channel (5.4.16) for collecting and conveying rainwater from a roof (5.2.20).

5.4.40. Sewerage system

A system of sewers (5.4.41) and associated structures for conveying waste water to a sewage disposal works or other treatment facility.

5.4.41. Sewer

A pipeline (3.2.32) or other construction (5.5.6), usually underground, for conveying waste water (10.19) or other liquid waste.

5.4.42. Vacuum sewer

A sewer (5.4.41) operating under negative pressure (9.3.44).

5.4.43. Sewer connection

A connection of a drain (5.4.38) to a public sewer (5.4.41) or pipe (5.4.17) between a manhole chamber (5.4.20) and the sewer.

5.4.44. Strainer

A device to arrest solid objects from entering pipes (5.4.17), pumps (5.4.50), valves (5.4.54) or a water meter.

5.4.45. Graded filter

A filter having layers of coarse gravel, fine gravel, coarse sand and fine sand, so arranged from layer to layer that liquid passing through a layer of material (6.1.1) does not carry any of that material into the next layer.

5.4.46. Sump

A small pit or hollow into which drained liquid will collect and from which it can readily be removed.

5.4.47. Sprinkler

A device to spray water over an area from a pipe (5.4.17) under pressure.

5.4.48. Hot water system

An installation (5.4.3) of pipes (5.4.17) and associated components (6.1.3) in which water is heated and distributed to provide heat or hot water.

5.4.49. Calorifier

An appliance used for transmitting heat to water in the vessel by the direct method, in which the heating medium is contained in pipes (5.4.17) immersed in the water.

5.4.50. Pump

A mechanical appliance creating pressure in a closed system or causing the flow of a liquid.

5.4.51. Centrifugal pump

A pump (5.4.50) in which fluid flows axially and is discharged tangentially by centrifugal force.

5.4.52. Cowl

A fitting at the outlet of a flue (5.3.37) to increase draught in the flue.

5.4.53. Mobile waste container

A wheeled receptacle for holding waste (10.13).

5.4.54. Valve

A device to open, close, regulate and control flow (9.3.41).

5.4.55. Ball valve

A valve (5.4.54) containing a rotating ball which can be turned about its fixed axis.

5.4.56. Float-operated valve

A valve (5.4.54) controlling flow (9.3.41) of liquid into a cistern and operated by a lever connected to a float.

5.4.57. Diaphragm float-operated valve

A float-operated valve (5.4.56) in which the valve lever can flex a diaphragm to control flow (9.3.41).

5.4.58. Flap valve

A valve (5.4.54) having a hinged plate (5.5.17) or disc, attached to the valve seating face, to permit liquid flow in one direction only.

5.4.59. Flow regulating valve

A valve (5.4.54) used to maintain a steady discharge (9.3.57), regardless of pressure.

5.4.60. Reflux valve

A non-return valve (5.4.54) controlled by flow (9.3.41).

5.4.61. Tap

A small hand-operated valve (5.4.54) with a free discharge.

5.4.62. Pressure tapping

A connection to a water heater, used when fitting a pressure gauge.

5.4.63. Electric conduit

A tube (6.1.8) enclosing and protecting electric wires or electric cables (6.4.53).

5.4.64. Electric transmission line

An overhead electric cable (6.4.53) supported by towers or poles.

5.4.65. Telecommunication

The transmission, emission or reception of signals (5.5.67), signs, writing, images and sounds, or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems.

5.5. Other parts

5.5.1. Finishings

Final covering and treatment of surfaces and junctions between surfaces.

5.5.2. Finish

The surface resulting from the process of surface treatment (7.1.34) or painting (7.1.38).

Alternative term: Finished surface (9.3.66)

5.5.3. Furniture

Equipment for user occupancy, not usually fixed to the building (3.1.3).

EXAMPLE: Tables and chairs

5.5.4. Building element

A major functional part of a building (3.1.3).

EXAMPLE: Foundations (5.1.1), floors (5.2.10), roofs (5.2.20), services (5.4.1)

5.5.5. Assembly

A set of related components (6.1.3) attached to each other.

5.5.6. Construction

Putting together or completing parts of construction works (3.1.1) on site.

5.5.7. Composite construction

A form of construction (5.5.6) created by different materials (6.1.1) acting together. One or more of these materials is prefabricated.

5.5.8. Damp proof course

A layer or coat (6.4.36) of material (6.1.1) applied to the inner surface of a wall (5.1.7) to resist the transmission of moisture.

5.5.9. Damp proof membrane

A layer or sheet (6.1.9) of material (6.1.1) within a floor (5.2.10) or similar construction (5.5.6) or in the vertical parts of a wall (5.1.7) to resist the transmission of moisture.

5.5.10. Throat

A groove in the underside of a surface to prevent water passing.

5.5.11. Check throat

A groove to prevent water passing by capillarity into a narrow space or joint between two adjoining components.

5.5.12. Masonry

Construction (5.5.6) of stone (6.2.4), brick (6.4.49) or block (6.1.6).

5.5.13. Stonework

Masonry (5.5.12) of stone (6.2.4) which may or may not be bonded together.

5.5.14. Brickwork

Masonry (5.5.12) of bricks (6.4.49) bonded and bedded in mortar (6.4.26).

5.5.15. Slab

A thick, flat, shaped component (6.1.3), having a surface area greater than 300 mm2, used as a cladding or projecting part of a building (3.1.3).

5.5.16. Plinth

A projecting or recessed base portion of a construction (5.5.6), such as a wall (5.1.7), column (5.1.11) or other part, to raise equipment to a higher level (9.2.32) above the floor (5.2.10).

5.5.17. Plate

A thin rigid flat metal product, with a thickness (9.2.24) greater than a sheet (6.1.9).

Alternative term: Bearing plate (5.1.48)

5.5.18. Joinery

An assembly (5.5.5) of non-structural timber (6.3.2) components (6.1.3) and wood-based panel products (6.3.26) or cladding (5.2.42) framed together to form a finished part, e.g. door architraves (5.5.59), skirtings (5.5.60), boards and weatherboards (5.2.4).

5.5.19. Carpentry

Timber construction.

5.5.20. Stair

A construction (5.5.6) formed of horizontal floors [treads or landings (5.5.21)] in succession to enable ascent or descent from one level to another.

5.5.21. Landing

The floor or part of the floor (5.2.10) at the head of each flight (5.5.22) of stairs, or giving access to a lift (5.4.29).

5.5.22. Flight

A succession of steps between two levels.

5.5.23. Riser

The vertical component (6.1.3) of a step between one tread (5.5.25) and the next or a landing (5.5.21) above or below.

Alternative term: Riser pipe (5.4.15).

5.5.24. String

The structural member (6.1.3) supporting the ends of steps in a flight (5.5.22).

5.5.25. Tread

The horizontal component (6.1.3) of a stair step.

5.5.26. Nosing

The front edge of a tread (5.5.25) or landing (5.5.21), usually projecting beyond the stair riser.

5.5.27. Outside string

A string (5.5.24) not adjacent to a wall (5.1.7)

5.5.28. Wall string

A string (5.5.24) adjacent to a wall (5.1.7)

5.5.29. Ramp

The length of sloping surface for joining two different levels.

5.5.30. Joint

A construction (5.5.6) formed at the abutting parts of two or more products (6.1.2), components (6.1.3) or assemblies (5.5.5) when these are put together or joined.

5.5.31. Joint

A discontinuity in a construction work (3.1.1), where products (6.1.2), components (6.1.3) or assemblies (5.5.5) abut, fitted or tied together.

5.5.32. Plastering background

A structure (5.1.2) onto which mortar (6.4.27) is plastered or fibrous plasterboard fixed.

5.5.33. Building hardware

Fasteners (5.5.37), fittings (5.5.72) and furniture fittings (5.5.42).

5.5.34. Cylinder

A device, often detachable but interacting with a lock (5.5.40) case or latch (5.5.39), comprising components opened by a key (5.5.38).

5.5.35. Door furniture

Furniture fittings (5.5.42) for a door (5.3.3).

5.5.36. Window furniture

Furniture fittings (5.5.42) for a window (5.3.5).

5.5.37. Fastener

A component (6.1.3) used to open, close and secure a door (5.3.3), window (5.3.5), shutter (5.3.26), gate or drawer.

5.5.38. Key

A removable hand-held device used to release a fastener (5.5.37) of a door (5.3.3), window (5.3.5), shutter (5.3.26), gate or drawer.

Alternative term: Key (9.3.73)

5.5.39. Latch

A self-engaging fastener to retain a movable component (6.1.3) in a closed position, and openable by hand.

5.5.40. Lock

A fastener (5.5.37) securing a movable component (6.1.3) in a closed position within an opening (5.3.1) so that access may be restricted.

Alternative term: Lock (3.3.66)

5.5.41. Latch lock

A lock (5.5.40) incorporating a latch (5.5.39) operated by a handle and key.

5.5.42. Fitting

A minor component (6.1.3) other than a fastener (5.5.37), attached to major components to serve a particular purpose.

5.5.43. Tile fitting

An accessory component (6.1.3), used to make changes of plane of a tiled surface.

5.5.44. Tile accessory

A recess, half recess or fixed surface often of the same size (9.2.2) and material (6.1.1) as surrounding tiles (5.2.6).

EXAMPLE: Soap recess, toilet roll recess

5.5.45. Seal

A component (6.1.3) fitted in a joint (5.5.30), to prevent penetration of dust, moisture and gases.

5.5.46. Flashing

A strip (6.1.11) of impervious sheet (6.1.9) material (6.1.1) used to prevent moisture penetration at a joint (5.5.31).

5.5.47. Batten

A small section (6.1.7), usually of timber (6.3.2), used to fix tiles, tiles (5.2.6), linings (5.2.2) and other sheets (6.1.9).

5.5.48. Cover fillet

A small section (6.1.7), usually of timber, used to cover a joint (5.5.31).

5.5.49. Counter batten

A batten (5.5.47) nailed across rafters (5.1.46) on a boarded or sheet-lined roof (5.2.20).

5.5.50. Cradling

Members associated with a structure (5.1.2) to hold casings (5.5.51), linings (5.2.2).

5.5.51. Casing

A material (6.1.1) or component (6.1.3) used to encase and protect a structural member (5.1.3) or part of an installation (5.4.3).

5.5.52. Bracket

Supporting a projecting horizontal member from a vertical face.

5.5.53. Gutter bearer

A horizontal timber for fixing eaves guttering to a parapet (5.2.61) or valley (5.2.40).

5.5.54. Ground

A small wooden section (6.1.7) fixed to a skirting (5.5.60), architrave (5.5.59), opening lining (5.3.31) or similar component (6.1.3) or as a decorative molding.

Alternative term: Ground (6.2.1)

5.5.55. Fascia board

A board fixed to the ends of rafters (5.1.46), wall plate (5.1.60) or wall (5.1.7) face at the eaves (5.2.37).

5.5.56. Trim

A small section (6.1.7), used in finishings (5.5.1), often to cover joints (5.5.31).

5.5.57. Bead

A small jointing section (5.5.87) used at joints (5.5.31) or for locating panels (5.2.49); or a sealant (6.4.35) or sealing compound used at a joint seal joint.

5.5.58. Cove

A concave molding or fitting placed in an angle between two surfaces.

5.5.59. Architrave

A cover fillet (5.5.48) around an opening (5.3.1).

5.5.60. Skirting

A strip (6.1.11) covering the joint between the surface of a wall (5.1.7) and a floor (5.2.10).

5.5.61. Dado

Wooden or decorative boarding on the lower part of an internal wall (5.1.7) and above the skirting (5.5.60).

5.5.62. Core

The inner part of a product (6.1.2) or structure (5.1.2).

5.5.63. Chase

A groove cut into an existing construction (5.5.6), used for inserting services (5.4.1).

5.5.64. Soffit

The exposed underside, horizontal or sloping, of any form of construction work (3.1.1).

5.5.65. Curtain

A movable screen or shutter (5.3.26), or other movable part made of fabric, panels or system of slender members.

5.5.66. Wall-papering

A material (6.1.1) formed in rolled strips (6.1.11), used for covering walls (5.1.7) or ceilings (5.2.17) by means of adhesives (6.4.13).

5.5.67. Sign

A message conveyed by visual means either graphic or direct or both.

5.5.68. Sign

A device on which a sign (5.5.67) is displayed.

5.5.69. Road marking

A line, symbol or other marking on the surface of a road (3.3.1), for regulating, warning, guiding or informing users.

5.5.70. Arris

An external angle formed by the meeting of two plane surfaces.

5.5.71. Chamfer

An arris (5.5.70) splayed or beveled.

5.5.72. Fastening

A mechanical connecting device used to attach one component (6.1.3) to another.

5.5.73. Bolt

A fastening (5.5.72) formed by a cylindrical metal bar (6.1.5) with a screw thread at one end.

5.5.74. Fence

A vertical, usually lightweight, non-load-bearing construction (5.5.6) used to enclose or divide an outdoor area.

5.5.75. Chain link fence

A fence (5.5.74) of the open mesh type in which the wires are interwoven.

5.5.76. Welded mesh fence

A fence (5.5.74) of the open mesh type in which the wires are welded at points of intersection.

5.5.77. Dog

A metal bar (6.1.4) with pointed ends, bent at right angles to the bar and in the same direction, used to secure large pieces of timber (6.3.2) together.

5.5.78. Nail

A slender vertical metal fastening (5.5.72), usually pointed at one end.

5.5.79. Pin

A small nail (5.5.78).

5.5.80. Spike

A large nail (5.5.78).

5.5.81. Staple

A U-shaped metal fastening (5.5.72).

5.5.82. Screw

A vertical metal fastening (5.5.72), usually pointed at one end, with a threaded shank and a blunt head.

5.5.83. Coach screw

A vertical metal fastening (5.5.72), with a threaded shank and a square or hexagonal head.

5.5.84. Gangnail connector plate

A fastening (5.5.72) formed by a thin plate (5.5.17) having integral teeth projecting at right angles or nearly at right angles to the plate surface from one face.

5.5.85. Jointing product

A product (6.1.2) used to connect the parts of a joint (5.5.30).

5.5.86. Jointing material

A jointing product (5.5.85) of indeterminate shape, used for jointing.

EXAMPLE: Mortar (6.4.26) or adhesives (6.4.13)

5.5.87. Jointing section

A pre-formed jointing product (5.5.85) of determined shape but indeterminate length (9.2.18).

5.5.88. Jointing component

A jointing product (5.5.85) formed by separate units of specific size (9.2.2) in three dimensions (9.2.1)

5.5.89. Joint gap

The space (4.1.1) between two components (6.1.3) placed side by side or overlapping which, when assembled, may or may not be filled with a jointing product (5.5.85).

5.5.90. Spacer

A small component (6.1.3) used in a void to maintain a predetermined width (9.2.16) of that void.

5.5.91. Keyed joint

A joint (5.5.31) formed by the interlocking of a projection on one product (6.1.2) with a recess in the adjoining product.

5.5.92. Sett

A small rectangular stone (6.2.4) block (6.1.6) used for paving.

5.5.93. Flange

The thin projecting part of a structural member (5.1.3), extending from one or both sides of the section (6.1.7) at the end or ends.

5.5.94. Web

The thin or relatively thin part at the principal load-bearing face of a structural member (5.1.3) of I, L, U, T cross-section.

5.5.95. Solar collector

A device to absorb solar radiation, convert it to thermal energy and transmit it by means of a heat transfer fluid.

6. Materials

6.1. Basic terms

6.1.1. Material

Matter used to form products (6.1.2) or construction works (3.1.1).

6.1.2. Product

Result of manufacturing or of an assembling process of construction works (3.1.1).

6.1.3. Component

A product (6.1.2) manufactured as a distinct unit to serve a specific function or functions.

6.1.4. Bar

A rigid, straight and metallic section (6.1.7).

6.1.5. Rod

A small, round, rigid and solid, metallic bar (6.1.7).

6.1.6. Block

A masonry unit (6.4.48) exceeding the size (9.2.2) of a brick (6.4.49) in any dimension (9.2.1).

6.1.7. Section

A product (6.1.2) formed by a continuous process defining its cross-section and small in length (9.2.18).

6.1.8. Tube

A hollow section (6.1.7).

6.1.9. Sheet

A product (6.1.2) of definite length (9.2.18) and width (9.2.16) greater than 450 mm and thickness (9.2.24) from 0,15 mm to 10 mm.

6.1.10. Sheeting

A product (6.1.2) of indefinite length (9.2.18) and width (9.2.16) greater than 450 mm and thickness (9.2.24) from 0,15 mm to 10 mm.

6.1.11. Strip

A product (6.1.2) relatively long, narrow and flat.

6.1.12. Foil

A metal material (6.1.1) of any length (9.2.18) or width (9.2.16) and thickness (9.2.24) less than or equal to 0,15 mm.

6.1.13. Laminate

A product (6.1.2) consisting of layers of materials (6.1.1) bonded or adhered together.

6.1.14. Gel

A semi-solid colloidal system dispersed in a solvent.

6.1.15. Glass

An inorganic product (6.1.2) of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing.

6.1.16. Grease

A material of animal, vegetable, or mixed origin having a specific gravity (9.3.50) less than 0,95 g/cm3, in which a non-volatile or slightly volatile insoluble organic constituent is responsible for the salve-like consistency.

6.1.17. Solvent

Water or a volatile organic liquid used to dissolve or disperse the film-forming constituents.

6.1.18. Substrate

The surface onto which a material (6.1.1) or a product (6.1.2) is applied.

6.1.19. Biodegradable material

A material (6.1.1) capable of being decomposed by micro-organisms.

6.1.20. Glazing

A material (5.2.1) fitted into doors (5.3.3), windows (5.3.5) or other openings (5.3.1), to admit light but exclude air circulation or other elements.

Alternative term: Glazing installation (7.1.33).

6.2. Soil and rock

6.2.1. Ground

The earth (6.2.2), rock and fill (6.4.9) existing before the start of construction works (3.1.1).

Alternative term: Ground (5.5.54).

6.2.2. Soil

Inorganic material (6.1.1), resulting from the weathering (9.3.70) of rock.

6.2.3. Natural stone

Rock used for constructional and monumental purposes.

6.2.4. Stone

Separate pieces, blocks or fragments of rock won from their original position in the earth for commercial use.

6.2.5. Gypsum

Calcium sulphate at the fully hydrated stage.

NOTE: Used for manufacturing mortars (6.4.14).

6.3. Timber and sawn wood

6.3.1. Wood

The cellulosic material between the pith (6.3.4) and the bark (6.3.3) of a tree.

6.3.2. Timber

Processed wood (6.3.1).

NOTE: In the US, the term lumber is used when the width (9.2.16) or thickness (9.2.24) of sawn timber is less than 100 mm.

6.3.3. Bark

The outermost covering of stems and branches of a tree.

6.3.4. Pith

The region at the first annual ring of timber (6.3.2), comprising mostly soft tissues.

6.3.5. Hardwood

Wood (6.3.1) from trees belonging to the botanical group Dicotyledonae.

6.3.6. Softwood

Wood (6.3.1) from trees belonging to the botanical group Gymnosperms.

6.3.7. Coarse texture timber

Sawn timber (6.3.2) having relatively large cells or wide or irregular growth rings or both.

6.3.8. Fine texture timber

Sawn timber (6.3.2) having relatively small cells or narrow or fairly even growth rings or both.

6.3.9. Timber face

The wider of two opposing surfaces, in the length of the timber (6.3.2), or any longitudinal face of square cross-section timber.

6.3.10. Inside face of timber

The timber face (6.3.9) nearer the pith (6.3.4) of a log (6.3.23).

6.3.11. Outside face of timber

The timber face (6.3.9) furthest from the pith (6.3.4) of a log (6.3.23).

6.3.12. Timber feature

An anatomical, morphological or growth characteristic (9.1.4) of timber (6.3.2) that may affect usage.

6.3.13. Knot

The portion of a branch embedded in the wood (6.3.1).

6.3.14. Resin pocket

A lens-shaped cavity within the timber (6.3.2) containing or having contained resin.

6.3.15. Finger jointed timber

Sawn timber (6.3.2) consisting of 2 or more pieces of any length (9.2.18) and of the same cross-section, joined end to end by interlocking wedges and glued.

6.3.16. Glued laminated timber

A product (6.1.2) comprising layers of sawn timber (6.3.2), having grains approximately parallel and bonded together.

6.3.17. Green timber

Sawn timber (6.3.2) that has not been dried or is below fiber saturation point.

NOTE: Usually with a moisture content above 30%.

6.3.18. Sawn timber

A section (6.1.7) of timber (6.3.2) produced by sawing or splitting lengthwise a larger log (6.3.23) or piece of solid wood (6.3.1), by cross cutting and machining, or by both, to achieve a worked size (9.2.5).

6.3.19. Planed timber

Sawn timber (6.3.18) at a usable moisture content, machined along the length (9.2.18) and width (9.2.16) on at least one face, to achieve a smooth surface.

6.3.20. Prepared timber

Sawn timber (6.3.18) at a usable moisture content, cut to length (9.2.18) and machined on one or two flat faces, within the permitted tolerance (9.2.6).

NOTE: In the US, the term dimension timber is used when the width (9.2.16) or thickness (9.2.24) of prepared timber is less than 100 mm.

6.3.21. Regularized green timber

Sawn timber (6.3.18) that is or is not machined, in a green condition and having a thickness (9.2.24) or width (9.2.16) tolerance (9.2.6) more strictly defined than that for rough sawn timber.

6.3.22. Round timber

A tree after felling and all branches are removed.

6.3.23. Log

A cross-cut section of round timber (6.3.22).

6.3.24. Sound timber

Timber (6.3.2) free from decay.

6.3.25. Square edged timber

Sawn timber (6.3.18) of rectangular cross-section, in which the wane, if permitted, does not exceed a specified amount.

6.3.26. Wood-based panel

A sheet (6.1.9) formed from veneers, small pieces or fibers of wood (6.3.1).

6.3.27. Wood fibreboard

A wood-based panel (6.3.26) of thickness (9.2.24) less than or equal to 1,5 mm manufactured from lignocellulosic fibers by the use of heat and/or pressure.

NOTE: The bond is derived from the felting property and inherent adhesion (9.3.5) characteristics (9.1.3) of the wood fibers, or from a binder (6.4.14) added to the fibers.

6.3.28. Particleboard

A wood-based panel (6.3.26) manufactured under pressure from particles of wood (6.3.1) or other lignocellulosic material and a binder.

NOTE: In the US, other wood-based panels (6.3.26) manufactured from wood (6.3.1) particles, or flakes, include waferboard, oriented strandboard.

6.3.29. Plywood

A wood-based panel (6.3.26) consisting of an assembly (5.5.5) of layers bonded together with the direction of the grain in adjacent layers usually at right angles.

6.3.30. Composite board

A panel formed by the assemblage and bonding (9.3.7) of sheets (6.1.9) of one or more types of different wood-based panels or with other materials (6.1.1).

6.3.31. Kiln-dried timber

Sawn timber (6.3.2) that has been dried under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity.

6.4. Material functions

6.4.1. Additive

A material (6.1.1) added to a liquid or particulate material, in small quantities, to produce requisite changes in properties (9.1.3).

6.4.2. Accelerator

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

6.4.3. Admixture

A material (6.1.1) added, in small quantities, during the mixing process to modify the properties (9.1.3) of the mixture.

6.4.4. Set retarding admixture

An admixture (6.4.3) that extends the time of transition from the plastic to the rigid state of a mixture.

6.4.5. Set accelerating admixture

An admixture (6.4.3) that decreases the time of transition from the plastic to the rigid state of a mixture.

6.4.6. Aggregate

An inert granular material (6.1.1).

6.4.7. Fine aggregate

Small aggregate (6.4.6) with a maximum grain size (9.2.2) depending on the purpose of use.

6.4.8. Heavy aggregate

Small aggregate (6.4.6) having a dry surface saturated state specific gravity (9.3.50) in excess of 3000 kg/m3.

6.4.9. Fill

Material (6.1.1) used for raising the level (9.2.32) of ground (6.2.1).

6.4.10. Reinforced earth

Composite material (6.1.1) of earth with reinforcement (6.4.17).

6.4.11. Backfill

Material (6.1.1) used to fill an excavation (3.2.2).

6.4.12. Geotextile

Permeable fabric-like structure placed on soil (6.2.2) strata for protection purposes, or between soil strata for drainage, protection, reinforcement or separation for earthworks (3.2.1).

6.4.13. Adhesive

A non-metallic substance capable of joining materials (6.1.1) by surface bonding (9.3.7).

6.4.14. Binder

A material (6.1.1) used to hold solid particles together in a coherent mass.

6.4.15. Concrete

A hardened mixture of aggregates (6.4.6), cement (6.4.16) and water.

6.4.16. Hydraulic binder

An inorganic material (6.1.1) which, when ground and mixed with water, forms a paste which sets and hardens by hydraulic reaction and hydration processes. After hardening, it retains its strength and stability even under water.

6.4.17. Reinforcement

Rods (6.1.5), bars (6.1.4), fabrics, fibers, wires, and cables (6.4.53) embedded to provide additional strength or support to other materials (6.1.1) or components (6.1.3).

6.4.18. Release agent

A substance, usually liquid, applied to the contact surface of a material (6.1.1) to facilitate its removal and prevent its adhesion (9.3.5) to concrete (6.4.15).

6.4.19. Concrete mix

The combination of materials (6.1.1) necessary to produce concrete (6.4.15).

6.4.20. In-situ concrete

Concrete (6.4.15) produced at the construction site (3.1.6).

6.4.21. Precast concrete

Concrete (6.4.15) cast and hardened before being brought to the construction site.

6.4.22. Prestressed concrete

Concrete (6.4.15) in which the requisite internal stresses (9.3.25) are induced prior to the application of the main structural (5.1.2) load, principally by tensioning the steel reinforcement.

6.4.23. Semi-dry concrete

Concrete (6.4.15) of such low water content and workability that it is not measurable by the slump test.

6.4.24. Grout

A fluid material (6.1.1) used to fill cavities and voids, hardening in place.

6.4.25. Slurry

A mixture of fine solids suspended in a liquid, having the general properties (9.1.3) of liquid flow.

6.4.26. Mortar

A mixture of binder (6.4.14), fine aggregate (6.4.7) and water that when hardened is used as a jointing material (5.5.86).

6.4.27. Plaster

A mixture, for interior finishing (5.5.2), based on one or more binders (6.4.14) which, when mixed with water, attains a plastic condition and then hardens.

6.4.28. Render

A mixture of one or more inorganic binders (6.4.14) with aggregates (6.4.6) and water, and sometimes admixtures (6.4.3), for exterior finishing (5.5.2).

6.4.29. Facing layer

A layer of brick (6.4.49), stone (6.2.4) or concrete (6.4.15) on the surface of a block (6.1.6) the material (6.1.1) and/or properties (9.1.3) of which differ from those of the main construction.

6.4.30. Asphalt

A compacted mixture of mineral aggregate (6.4.6) and bituminous binder (6.4.14).

6.4.31. Bitumen

A viscous liquid or solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, soluble in trichloroethylene, substantially non-volatile and softening gradually when heated.

NOTE: It is obtained by refinery processes from petroleum, and is found as a natural deposit or as a component of naturally occurring asphalt, in which it is associated with mineral matter.

6.4.32. Thermal insulation material

Material (6.1.1) of low thermal conductivity, used to restrict heat flow into or out of buildings (3.1.3) or between spaces (4.1.1).

6.4.33. Insulating material

Material (6.1.1) to prevent or reduce the transmission of heat, cold, sound and electricity.

6.4.34. Bonding layer

A layer of mortar (6.4.26) or other material (6.1.1) spread over hardened concrete (6.4.15), to increase the bond to fresh concrete placed above it.

6.4.35. Sealant

A non-rigid material (6.1.1) used in joints (5.5.30), adhering to the appropriate surface in the joint (5.5.31) to prevent the ingress of dust, moisture and gases.

6.4.36. Coat

A continuous layer of coating material (6.4.37) resulting from a single application.

6.4.37. Coating material

A product (6.1.2), such as a liquid, paste or powder, which when applied to a surface, forms a protective, decorative or specific technical film or all of them.

6.4.38. Paint

A pigmented coating material (6.4.37) in liquid form which forms an opaque film after application.

6.4.39. Priming coat

The first coat (6.4.36) applied directly on the substrate (6.1.18).

6.4.40. Sealer

A liquid used on an absorbent surface, which, when dry, reduces the absorptive capacity of the surface.

6.4.41. Filler

A paste-like compound used before painting to obliterate any small surface defects (9.3.76) or to produce a smooth, even and flat surface, or both.

6.4.42. Surface retarder

Coating material (6.4.37) applied to a formwork (7.3.7) surface to retard the hardening of the surface of the concrete (6.4.15) so that it can be readily removed after striking formwork (7.1.36) and to obtain exposed aggregate (6.4.6) or keyed finish (9.3.73).

6.4.43. Pugging

Sand or similar material (6.1.1) filled above a ceiling (5.2.17) between joists (5.1.16) for sound insulation.

6.4.44. Bed

A layer of material (6.1.1) applied to the surface of a masonry unit (6.4.48), tile (5.2.6) or similar component (6.1.3).

6.4.45. Blinding

A layer, usually concrete (6.4.15) 50mm to 100mm thick, laid over the earth (6.2.2) surface to seal the ground (6.2.1) and provide a clean surface for construction work (7.1.1).

6.4.46. Bedding mortar

Mortar (6.4.26) used to bed a masonry unit (6.4.48) and to transmit the load.

6.4.47. Hardcore

Lumps of hard material (6.1.1) used to fill in ground (6.2.1) below a construction (5.5.6), [a floor slab (5.1.35) or a road (3.3.1)].

EXAMPLES: Stone (6.2.4), brick (6.4.49), furnace slag or concrete (6.4.15).

6.4.48. Masonry unit

A component (6.1.3) in masonry (5.5.12).

6.4.49. Brick

A masonry unit (6.4.48) having a length (9.2.18) not exceeding 338 mm, a width (9.2.16) not exceeding 113 mm and a thickness (9.2.24) not exceeding 113 mm.

6.4.50. Engineering brick

A clay brick (6.4.49) fired to half vitrification, and fully oxidized, manufactured to limit water absorption and increase compressive strength (9.3.33).

6.4.51. Wire-cut brick

Brick (6.4.49) produced by cutting clay with a wire before firing.

6.4.52. Wood preservative

A chemical impregnation applied to timber (6.3.2) and wood (6.3.1) products to prevent attack and decay by wood-destroying organisms.

6.4.53. Cable

An assembly of parallel wires of considerable length (9.2.18) forming a solid round cross-section.

6.4.54. Rope

An assembly of strands of considerable length (9.2.18), twisted in a helix around a core (5.5.62), in one or more layers.

7. Construction, documentation and equipment

7.1. Construction

7.1.1. Construction work

Work activities to form construction works (3.1.1).

7.1.2. Joinery work

The craft of producing and fixing joinery (5.5.18).

7.1.3. Civil engineering work

Work to produce civil engineering works.

7.1.4. Building

Work activities to form a building (3.1.3).

7.1.5. Dewatering

The process of lowering the local groundwater level (9.2.32).

7.1.6. Earthwork

Work of excavating, embanking or grading ground (6.2.1).

7.1.7. Auger boring

A technique for creating a hole in the ground (6.2.1), generally for the installation of pipes (5.4.17) or bored cast-in-place piles (5.1.80), performed by the action of a rotating cutting head while spoil is removed.

7.1.8. Underpinning

Introducing additional support under an existing structure (5.1.2).

7.1.9. Site assembly

The fitting of components (6.1.3) to each other on the site (3.1.6).

7.1.10. Plumbing installation

The installation of plumbing (5.4.5).

Alternative term: Plumbing (5.4.5).

7.1.11. Water engineering

The technical treatment of the flow (9.3.41), control, processing and utilization of water.

7.1.12. Trenchless technology

Techniques for the installation, replacement or renovation of pipes (5.4.17) or ducts (5.4.13) below ground level (9.2.33) with minimum excavation of material (6.1.1) from the surface.

7.1.13. Pipelaying

The construction of laying and jointing (7.1.39) of pipes (5.4.17) and testing of the resulting assembly (5.5.5).

7.1.14. Pipe ramming

A technique for the installation of pipes (5.4.17) or ducts (5.4.13) in which a casing is driven into the ground (6.2.1): this technique uses a percussion hammer and the spoil is removed as the casing is advanced.

7.1.15. Pipe bursting

A technique for the installation of pipes (5.4.17) in which the equipment opens out and breaks the existing pipe from the inside to insert a new one in its place.

7.1.16. Pipe jacking

A technique for the installation of pipes (5.4.17) or ducts (5.4.13) in which the pipe or duct is pushed through the ground (6.2.1) by hydraulic jacks and the spoil removed from the face of the drive.

7.1.17. Microtunnelling

A technique for the installation of pipes (5.4.17) or ducts (5.4.13) using pipe jacking (7.1.16) techniques and a small remote-controlled steerable tunneling (3.3.18) machine. The excavated material (6.1.1) is removed either by the tunneling machine or in the form of a slurry.

7.1.18. Thrust boring

A technique for the installation of pipes (5.4.17) or ducts (5.4.13) in which a casing is driven into the ground (6.2.1) by hydraulic thrust and the spoil pushed out from inside the casing as it is advanced.

7.1.19. Computer aided design

The use of computers for graphic design and drafting.

7.1.20. Dimensional analysis

The basis for the design and operation of scaled physical models, such as hydraulic models, used to predict the behavior of a prototype.

7.1.21. Mathematical modeling

A technique using pure mathematics to predict the state (e.g. of a structure or system) under the influence of some variables.

7.1.22. Network

A mathematical or diagrammatic description of a system of interconnected parts.

7.1.23. Node

A constituent of a network (7.1.22), representing a junction or connecting point.

7.1.24. Link

A constituent of a network (7.1.22) between two nodes (7.1.23).

7.1.25. Measurement

The action of measuring an object to determine a numerical value.

Alternative term: Result of measurement (9.1.6).

7.1.26. Setting out

The establishment of marks and lines to define the positions and levels (9.2.32) of the main features or components (6.1.3) to be constructed so that the work can proceed with reference to those marks and lines.

7.1.27. Sampling

The selection of items, or portions of a material (6.1.1) to form a sample (9.4.1).

7.1.28. Quality control

The operational techniques and activities to fulfill the requirements for quality (9.1.12).

7.1.29. Batching

The measurement of the separate constituents of a batch (9.4.7).

7.1.30. Sieving

The separation of granular materials (6.1.1) according to particle size (9.2.2) in a production process, using sieves.

7.1.31. Screening

The separation of granular materials (6.1.1) according to particle size (9.2.2) in a production process using screens (7.3.18).

7.1.32. Signing

Planning, manufacturing, installing, managing and using signs and signboards (5.5.67) (5.5.68).

7.1.33. Glazing

The installation of glass (6.1.20) doors.

Another meaning: Glass (6.1.20)

7.1.34. Surface treatment

The process of changing a surface without using coatings (6.4.37).

7.1.35. Stripping

Removing coatings (6.4.37), metal cladding (6.4.36), or wallpaper (5.5.6) from the substrate (6.1.18).

7.1.36. Striking/stripping (US)

Removing formwork (7.3.7) from the hardened concrete (6.4.15) surface.

7.1.37. Accelerated curing

The process of accelerating the attainment of strength [e.g., of concrete (6.4.15)] by using heat or additives (6.4.1).

7.1.38. Coating

The process of creating a cladding layer (6.4.36).

7.1.39. Jointing/connecting (US)

The process of creating joints (5.5.30).

7.1.40. Maintenance

The combination of all technical and administrative activities throughout the technical life cycle (9.3.84) of the products, with the aim of maintaining them in a state capable of performing the required functions.

7.1.41. Conservation

Maintenance work (7.1.40) carried out to preserve the appearance of a building (3.1.3) or structure (3.1.4), especially historical buildings, or to preserve natural ecosystems.

7.1.42. Preservation/historic preservation (US)

Protecting (9.3.87) ancient buildings, historical structures, or other structures (3.1.4) from destruction or deterioration.

7.1.43. Restoration

Returning an object to its original shape or condition.

7.1.44. Reconstitution

Restoration (7.1.43) involving disassembly and reassembly of parts.

7.1.45. Reconstruction

The recreation of a structure (3.1.4) that no longer exists, based on architectural and geological research.

7.1.46. Replication

A work (5.5.6) that is an exact copy of an existing work (3.1.3).

7.1.47. Rehabilitation/rehab (US)

Work to return machinery (5.4.11), buildings (3.1.3), or civil engineering works (3.1.2) to the required functional condition, often with improvements in quality.

7.1.48. Structural rehabilitation/stabilization (US)

The application of measures designed to re-establish structural or functional stability, or both, to a building (3.1.3) and its components, while essentially retaining the existing form.

7.1.49. Refurbishment

Modification and upgrading of existing plant (5.4.11), buildings (3.1.3), or civil engineering works (3.1.2) to bring them up to higher condition requirements.

7.1.50. Modernization

Upgrading equipment in parallel with upgrading to current standards and requirements.

7.1.51. Repair

Returning an object to an acceptable condition by renewing, replacing, or fixing worn, damaged, or degraded parts.

7.1.52. Reinstatement

The restoration (7.1.43) and preservation of road (3.3.1) and ground (10.1) surfaces, replacement of fences (5.5.74), cleaning of ditches and watercourses (10.8), and all similar construction work, after repairs (7.1.51) or construction (7.1.1).

7.1.53. Translocation/relocation

The movement of a building (3.1.3) or other structure (3.1.4) from its present site (3.1.6) to another site.

7.1.54. Alteration/renovation (US)

The change or addition of characteristics or conditions of a building (3.1.3), plant (5.4.11), or civil engineering work (3.1.2).

7.1.55. Capping

Using clean material (6.1.1) to cover contaminated material.

7.1.56. Aeration

The provision of air or oxygen.

7.1.57. Flushing

The rapid discharge of a quantity of water for cleaning purposes.

7.1.58. Grit blasting/sand blasting (US)

A method of cleaning or finishing using abrasive in a compressed air stream, with or without the addition of water.

7.1.59. Pointing

The insertion of mortar (6.4.26) into the joints (5.5.30) between masonry units (6.4.48) to finish (9.3.66).

7.1.60. Repointing

Removing defective mortar (6.4.26) from joints (5.5.30) between masonry units (6.4.48) and then pointing (7.1.59) again.

7.1.61. Classification

The action or process of classifying.

Another meaning: Classification system (7.2.14)

7.2. Records, Documents

7.2.1. Information

An event that is transmitted.

7.2.2. Information

A message representing a factor or concept in the process of communication, to increase knowledge.

7.2.3. Project information

Information (7.2.1), (7.2.2) created for, or used in, a specific project.

7.2.4. General information/reference information (US)

Information (7.2.1), (7.2.2) prepared for a wider audience than those involved in the project.

7.2.5. Management information

Information (7.2.1), (7.2.2) used in management or created to serve a management function.

7.2.6. Phase

A part of a project, separated according to a specific program or agreement.

7.2.7. Plan of work/staging plan (US)/project plan (US)

A document that specifies in detail the main phases in the design, construction (7.1.1), and maintenance (7.1.40) of a project and identifies the main tasks and personnel.

7.2.8. Specification of works/specification (US)

A document drafted to specify the requirements of the construction work (3.1.1) to be carried out.

7.2.9. Bill of quantities/bill of materials (US)

A document used in tendering, usually to a standard format, comprising a list of the quantities of work and a schedule of the materials (6.1.1), labor, and other matters required for the construction (3.1.1).

7.2.10. Drawing

Technical information (7.2.1), (7.2.2) that provides information, represented graphically, according to agreed rules and scales.

7.2.11. Diagram

A drawing (7.2.10) in which graphical symbols are used to indicate the functions of the components (6.1.3) in a system and their relationship.

7.2.12. Production drawing/shop drawing (US)

One or a set of drawings (7.2.10) for construction work (3.1.1) or for the manufacture of components (6.1.3), shown at full size and with all necessary annotations.

7.2.13. Computer graphics

The method of transforming data into graphical drawings and vice versa using computers.

7.2.14. Classification system

A set of concepts arranged systematically, according to selected characteristics (9.1.4) or criteria.

Another meaning: Classification (7.1.61)

7.3. Equipment

7.3.1. Plant

Machinery used in construction (7.1.1).

Another meaning: Plant (5.4.11)

7.3.2. Tool

A hand-held implement used to carry out construction (7.1.1).

7.3.3. Site equipment/construction aids (US)

Equipment necessary for construction (7.1.1) but not incorporated into the final product.

7.3.4. Attachment

A device firmly attached or connected to perform a specific task.

7.3.5. Centring

Temporary support for the construction of an arch (5.1.8) above it.

7.3.6. Scaffold

A temporary structure (5.1.2) to provide access for construction workers (8.2) to the construction work (3.1.1), and to support materials (6.1.1) and equipment.

7.3.7. Formwork

A temporary or permanent structure (5.1.2) to contain fresh concrete (6.4.15) and to ensure the required shape and size (9.2.2) until the concrete hardens.

7.3.8. False work

A temporary structure (5.1.2) used to support permanent structures when they are unable to support themselves during construction (7.1.1), repair, or demolition.

7.3.9. Planking and strutting/shoring (US)

The temporary support of one or more sides of an excavation (3.2.2).

7.3.10. Staging/bridge (US)/construction bridge (US)

A level platform that has been supported.

7.3.11. Banker

A level platform on which concrete (6.4.15), mortar (6.4.26), or plaster (6.4.27) is mixed by hand; or on which stone (6.2.4) is dressed.

7.3.12. Spreader/trowel (US)

A device that adjusts the distribution into thin layers of liquids or semi-liquids.

7.3.13. Float/screed (US)

A hand-held tool (7.3.2), usually a rectangular flat steel panel (5.5.17) or wooden board (6.3.2), with a handle, used to finish the surface of concrete (6.4.15), plaster (6.4.27), or stucco (6.4.28).

7.3.14. Safety net

A net made of synthetic fiber, used to prevent people and small objects from falling from buildings (3.1.3) or other structures (3.1.4) during construction (7.1.1).

7.3.15. Containment net

A net arranged in rows to control and prevent small objects, hand tools (7.3.2) from falling, or to limit dust, or to protect people from falling objects.

7.3.16. Conveyor

Continuous transportation machinery for materials (6.1.1) or objects along a slope (9.2.30) using belts, ropes (6.4.54), chains, or rollers.

7.3.17. Crane

Equipment combined with a supporting component (5.1.3) below and lifting equipment above. Through this combination, suspended loads can be lifted, lowered, or moved horizontally.

7.3.18. Screen

Equipment for classifying materials (6.1.1) according to size (9.2.2), or for separating solids from liquids passing through the screen.

Another meaning: screen (5.2.50), (5.2.51).

7.3.19. Spirit level

A device for indicating or checking horizontal or vertical levels, consisting of one or more sealed glass tubes (6.1.15) with supporting frames (5.1.74). These glass tubes contain liquid and an air bubble.

7.3.20. Template

A pattern used to guide cutting; or a diagram (7.1.26) of work.

8. Project stakeholders and users

8.1. User

The design target of buildings (3.1.3) or other construction works (3.1.1), including organizations, individuals, animals, or objects.

8.2. Operative/laborer (US)/construction worker (US)

A person who performs construction work (7.1.1) involving manual labor or machine operation.

8.3. Client

An individual or organization responsible for proposing, financing, and approving a project.

8.4. Contractor/builder (US)

An individual or organization that undertakes construction (7.1.1) under contract.

8.5. Manufacturer

An individual or organization that manufactures materials (6.1.1), products (6.1.2), components (6.1.3), and other items.

8.6. Supplier

An individual or organization that supplies materials (6.1.1), products (6.1.2), but is not the manufacturer (8.5).

8.7. Specifier

An individual or organization that prepares specifications for products (6.1.2) or construction (7.2.8) as part of the contract documents.

8.8. Consultant

An individual or organization that provides guidance or specific services for certain issues of a project.

9. Characteristics and properties

9.1. Basic terms

9.1.1. Performance

The ability of a product (6.1.2) to fulfill functional requirements under conditions and in a state of use.

9.1.2. User requirement

Requirements that need to be met.

9.1.3. Property

The required attributes or characteristics of an item.

9.1.4. Characteristic

A property (9.1.3) that distinguishes all specific items according to criteria.

9.1.5. Attribute

A characteristic (9.1.4) related to considering whether performance (9.1.1) is met or not.

9.1.6. Measurement

A numerical value obtained by measuring (7.1.25).

Another meaning: measurement (7.1.25).

9.1.7. Measure

A numerical value expressing quantity.

9.1.8. Accuracy

A measure (9.1.7) that quantifies the degree of closeness to accepted reference values.

9.1.9. Precision

A measure (9.1.7) that quantifies the degree of similarity between individual measurement results (9.1.6) of the same property (9.1.3).

9.1.10. Tolerance

An acceptable deviation of a value, measurement result (9.1.6), or quantity.

9.1.11. Capability

A measure (9.1.7) of the ability to operate and use.

9.1.12. Quality

The combination of properties (9.1.3) related to the ability to meet specific requirements.

9.1.13. Datum

A reference point for a series of measurements (7.1.25).

9.1.14. Grid

A framework with lines used for reference.

9.1.15. Factor of safety/safety factor (US)

A factor applied in design that takes into account the potential for unknown situations to occur.

9.1.16. Performance requirement

The performance (9.1.1) that is necessary or expected to be met.

9.1.17. Verification

The provision of evidence or verification of whether performance requirements (9.1.16) are met or not.

9.1.18. Limit-state design

Design based on the actual state considering instability related to strength properties (9.1.3) and applied loads (9.3.19).

9.2. Size and dimension

9.2.1. Dimension

The distance in a predetermined direction or along a certain line or angle.

9.2.2. Size

The value of a dimension (9.2.1) expressed in a specific unit.

9.2.3. Nominal size/nominal dimension (US)

The design value of the dimension (9.2.2) used in designing a product (6.1.2) or component. This value is approximately equal to the manufacturing dimension (9.2.1) but not necessarily equal to the actual size (9.2.4).

9.2.4. Actual size

The size (9.2.2) obtained by measurement (7.1.25).

9.2.5. Work size

The size (9.2.2) of the product, specified for the manufacturing process so that the actual size (9.2.4) falls within the allowable deviation (9.2.6).

9.2.6. Deviation

The algebraic difference between the actual size (9.2.2) and the corresponding required dimension.

9.2.7. Particle size fraction

The aggregate (6.4.6) particles that pass through a larger sieve and are retained on a smaller sieve when they pass through two layers of sieves.

9.2.8. Gross floor area/building area (AU)

The total floor area (5.2.10) within a building (3.1.3) including the area of the exterior walls (5.1.7).

9.2.9. Net floor area/fully enclosed covered area (AU)

The total floor area (5.2.10) within a building (3.1.3) excluding the area of the exterior walls (5.1.7).

9.2.10. Span

The distance between the centerlines of two adjacent supports.

9.2.11. Clear span/free span (US)

The distance between the opposite faces of two supports.

9.2.12. Module

A unit of size (9.2.2) used as a successive increment in coordinating dimensions.

9.2.13. Concrete cover

The distance between the surface of concrete (6.4.15) and the face of reinforcement (6.4.17) or the surface of ducts (5.4.13) for prestressing tendons (5.1.24).

9.2.14. Cover

The vertical distance from the top of an underground duct (5.4.17) or other underground works (5.5.6) to the finished ground level (9.2.34).

9.2.15. Depth

The vertical dimension (9.2.1) below a reference horizontal level (9.2.32).

NOTE: In the US, depth is only used for the horizontal dimension (9.2.1) of a recess or plane.

9.2.16. Width

One of the two horizontal dimensions (9.2.1), usually the smaller one.

NOTE: The larger dimension is length (9.2.18).

9.2.17. Effective width

The width (9.2.16) used for design purposes.

9.2.18. Length

One of the two horizontal dimensions (9.2.1), usually the larger one.

NOTE: The smaller dimension is width (9.2.16).

9.2.19. Going/run (US)

The horizontal distance between two consecutive risers (5.5.23) of a staircase, measured along the direction of travel.

9.2.20. Height

The vertical dimension (9.2.1) above a reference horizontal level (9.2.32).

9.2.21. Slenderness ratio

The ratio of the useful length (9.2.18) or useful height (9.2.20) to the corresponding radius of gyration (9.2.27) of the cross-section.

9.2.22. Stair headroom

The minimum vertical distance of the clearance above the slope line of the staircase or above a landing (5.5.21).

9.2.23. Rise

The vertical distance between the top surfaces of two consecutive steps (5.5.25), or between a step and the floor (5.2.10), or between a step and a landing (5.5.21).

9.2.24. Thickness

The linear dimension (9.2.1) measured perpendicular to the plane containing the length (9.2.18) and width (9.2.16).

9.2.25. Gauge/gage (US)

A measure (9.1.7) of the thickness (9.2.24) of a sheet (6.1.9), strip (6.1.11), metal wire, or a similar product (6.1.2).

9.2.26. Batter

The inclination of a surface from the vertical.

9.2.27. Radius of gyration

The distance from the farthest line or point to the axis of rotation of a component (5.1.3).

9.2.28. Fall

The difference in level (9.2.32) between the high point and the low point of a sloping surface.

9.2.29. Gradient

The ratio of the difference in level (9.2.32) between two points to the horizontal distance between them.

9.2.30. Slope

The inclination of a flat surface from the horizontal.

9.2.31. Slope length

The length (9.2.18) of a slope (9.2.30).

9.2.32. Level

The value of the vertical dimension (9.2.1) of a point, above or below a defined reference line.

9.2.33. Ground level/grade (US)

The level (9.2.32) at the surface of a piece of land (10.1).

9.2.34. Finished ground level/finished grade (US)

The level (9.2.32) of the paved or surface part of a piece of land (10.1) after completion or after earthworks (7.1.6).

9.3. Performance characteristics

9.3.1. Sinking/recess (US)

The inward part of a surface.

9.3.2. Dimensional stability

A measure (9.1.7) of the extent to which a material (6.1.1) or product (6.1.2) maintains its dimensions (9.2.1) and shape under varying conditions of temperature and humidity.

9.3.3. Handed

The property (9.1.4) of an asymmetric component (6.1.3) or of a building (3.1.3) having a different shape on the right and left sides.

9.3.4. Profile

The outer contour of a piece of land (6.2.1) of a construction work (3.1.1) or of a product (6.1.2) at a cross-section.

9.3.5. Adhesion

The state in which two surfaces are attached to each other by surface bonds.

9.3.6. Cohesion

The state in which elements of a single substance are bonded together by primary or secondary valence forces.

9.3.7. Bonding

The degree of action of an adhesive (6.4.13).

Another meaning: bonding (5.1.100).

9.3.8. Concrete bond

The adhesion (9.3.5) between concrete (6.4.15) and reinforcement (6.4.17) to transmit force (9.3.22) at the interface.

9.3.9. Delamination

The separation of adjacent layers of material (6.1.1).

9.3.10. Peeling

The separation of parts in one or more cladding layers (6.4.36), from the layer below or just at the substrate (6.1.18).

9.3.11. Spalling

The detachment of fragments from the surface.

9.3.12. Watertightness

The quality (9.1.12) of a work (5.5.6) that does not allow water to pass through.

9.3.13. Optimum moisture content

The moisture content of soil (6.2.2) or granular material (6.1.1), at which a given compaction will yield the maximum dry density (9.3.50).

9.3.14. Porosity

The characteristic (9.1.4) of a material (6.1.1) having holes or voids, calculated as the ratio of voids to the volume of the material.

9.3.15. Permeability

The characteristic (9.1.4) of a material (6.1.1) that determines the rate at which fluids pass through it due to a pressure differential.

9.3.16. Shrinkage

The reduction in dimension (9.2.1) or volume, usually due to a decrease in moisture content.

9.3.17. Suction

The ability of a material (6.1.1) to absorb moisture from a material or liquid in contact with it.

9.3.18. Action

A force (9.3.22) acting on a structure (5.1.2) or a force due to deformation (9.3.23) acting on a structure or creating internal forces.

9.3.19. Load

A force (9.3.22) acting on a structure (5.1.2) or component (5.1.3).

9.3.20. Self-weight/dead load (US)

The load (9.3.19) of the fixed components themselves and of the non-structural parts (6.1.3) of a building (3.1.3).

9.3.21. Imposed load/live load (US)

A load (9.3.19), other than self-weight (9.3.20), acting discontinuously due to the use of the building (3.1.3) or due to rain, snow, wind, or earthquake.

9.3.22. Force

A measurable action that causes an object to move, such as gravity or interaction force.

9.3.23. Deformation

A change in shape or dimension (9.2.1) or both.

9.3.24. Strain

The ratio of deformation (9.3.23) to the initial dimension (9.2.1).

9.3.25. Stress

A force (9.3.22) per unit area.

9.3.26. Accidental load

A load (9.3.19) that cannot be specifically predicted because it may not occur but is still considered in design.

9.3.27. Impact load

A load (9.3.19) that occurs due to being suddenly impacted.

9.3.28. Wind action/wind load (US)

An action (9.3.18) caused by wind pressure.

9.3.29. Seismic action/seismic load (US)

An action (9.3.18) caused by an earthquake.

9.3.30. Elasticity

The characteristic (9.1.4) of a material (6.1.1), product (6.1.2), or a work (5.5.6), that allows it to return to its original shape after removing a force (9.3.22) that temporarily caused deformation.

9.3.31. Plasticity

The characteristic (9.1.4) of a material (6.1.1), caused by stress (9.3.25), by which deformation (9.3.23) is maintained after removing that stress.

9.3.32. Compression

The state of a structural part due to the action of a force (9.3.22) that shortens it.

9.3.33. Compressive strength

The ability to withstand a force (9.3.22) against compression (9.3.32).

9.3.34. Shear strength

The ability to withstand a force (9.3.22) against shear (9.3.35).

9.3.35. Shear

The state of a structural part tending to separate or cause relative sliding of adjacent planes when that structural part is subjected to equal, opposite, and parallel forces (9.3.22).

9.3.36. Bending strength

The ability of a component spanning supports to resist a force (9.3.22) acting perpendicular to the main axis of that component.

9.3.37. Tensile strength

The ability to withstand a force (9.3.22) acting in the opposite parallel direction to the main axis.

9.3.38. Bond stress

Stress (9.3.25) in shear (9.3.55) acting on the intersection of two surfaces.

9.3.39. Yield point

The point determined by the relationship between load (9.3.19) and deformation (9.3.23), at which the strengthening force (9.3.22) applied to the material (6.1.1) is stopped and the material undergoes elastic deformation.

9.3.40. Creep

The increase in strain (9.3.24) over time, under the action of a constant load (9.3.19).

9.3.41. Flow

The volume of liquid passing through a specified cross-section per unit time.

9.3.42. Backflow

Flow (9.3.41) in the opposite direction to the intended direction.

9.3.43. Head

The energy (10.10) of flow expressed as a linear vertical dimension (9.2.1).

Another meaning: head jamb (head) (5.3.48).

9.3.44. Negative pressure

A pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.

9.3.45. Positive pressure

A pressure higher than atmospheric pressure.

EXAMPLE: Pressure in a pipe.

9.3.46. Nominal set pressure

A pre-set pressure for manufacturing and marked by the manufacturer (8.5).

9.3.47. Rating pressure

The pressure at which the discharge (9.3.57) capacity of a valve (5.4.54) corresponds to the variable flow (9.3.41).

9.3.48. Closing pressure

The pressure at which a valve (5.4.54) closes after reaching the relative pressure (9.3.47).

9.3.49. Initial opening pressure

The pressure at which a valve (5.4.54) opens for the first time after a period of containment.

9.3.50. Density

The mass per unit volume, usually expressed in kilograms per cubic meter.

NOTE: The moisture content of a hygroscopic material (6.1.1) affects both mass and volume, so the moisture content must be known when determining density.

9.3.51. Apparent density

The density (9.3.50) of a material (6.1.1) including its internal voids.

9.3.52. Anaerobic action

A biological process in the absence of oxygen.

9.3.53. Aerobic action

A biological process in the presence of oxygen.

9.3.54. Dry weather flow (DWF)

The flow (9.3.41) of wastewater (10.19) at a treatment site, unaffected by rainfall or snowmelt.

9.3.55. Hydraulic gradient

The cross-section of the free surface of a water stream in a channel, ditch (5.4.16); or the straight line connecting the points at which the water stream in a closed conduit (5.4.14) would rise in an open pipe (5.4.17) connected to the conduit.

9.3.56. Peak flow

The maximum volume of fluid passing through a specified cross-section per unit time.

9.3.57. Discharge

The flow (9.3.41) out of a containment.

9.3.58. Illuminance

The ratio of luminous flux (9.3.60) on a portion of a surface to the area of that portion of the surface.

9.3.59. Luminance

A measure (9.1.7) of the stimulus element producing the sensation of light, calculated as the luminous intensity (9.3.61) emitted or reflected in a specified direction from the surface component divided by the area of that component in the same direction.

9.3.60. Luminous flux

The value of the quantity converted from energy (10.11) emitted in the form of radiation, determined by evaluating the radiation according to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye.

9.3.61. Luminous intensity

The ratio of luminous flux (9.3.60) leaving a source and concentrating on a unit solid angle oriented to that unit solid angle.

9.3.62. Alkalinity

The ability to interact with hydrogen ions in an aqueous environment.

9.3.63. Acidity

The ability to interact with OH– ions in an aqueous environment.

9.3.64. Concentration

A measure (9.1.7) of the amount of a substance, calculated as the unit mass of the compound in dissolved, liquid, or gaseous form, as a fraction of the total.

9.3.65. Efflorescence

Crystals of dissolved salts deposited on a surface when water evaporates and escapes.

9.3.66. Finish

The surface (9.3.67) and condition of the surface after processing.

9.3.67. Texture

The visible and tactile characteristic (9.1.4) of a surface.

9.3.68. Flame textured

A rough surface due to spalling (9.3.11) caused by high firing temperatures.

9.3.69. Honed

A surface condition that becomes glossy or opaque.

9.3.70. Weathering

A change in color or texture (9.3.67) or surface structure due to the action of multiple factors.

9.3.71. Weathered

A condition with a surface made sloping for rainwater to flow away.

9.3.72. Weathered

The effect on a surface caused by weathering (9.3.70).

9.3.73. Key

The roughness of a surface creating physical bonds to join two planes together.

9.3.74. Imperfection

A characteristic that impairs the appearance or reduces the quality (9.1.12).

9.3.75. Blemish

A characteristic that damages the external surface but does not reduce the quality (9.1.12).

9.3.76. Defect

A fault (9.3.78) or deviation (9.2.6) due to specified conditions of the material (6.1.1), assembly (5.5.5), or component (6.1.3).

9.3.77. Reject

Material (6.1.1) or product (6.1.2) not accepted due to non-compliance with essential requirements.

9.3.78. Fault

Failure to fully perform a function.

9.3.79. Adaptability

The ability to be modified or supplemented to suit a specific purpose.

9.3.80. Accessibility

The ease of entering a space (4.1.1).

9.3.81. Reliability

The ability of a component (6.1.3) or work (5.5.6) to perform a required function under specified conditions and for a predetermined period of time.

9.3.82. Structural safety

The ability of a structure (5.1.2) to withstand all actions (9.3.18), as well as random characteristic phenomena occurring during construction (7.1.1) and use.

9.3.83. Durability

The capability (9.1.11) to perform the required functions for a specified period of time under the influence of expected agents during use.

9.3.84. Service life

The period of time, after installation, during which a building (3.1.3) or part of a building meets or exceeds performance requirements (9.1.16).

9.3.85. Serviceability

The ability to meet or exceed relevant performance requirements (9.1.16).

9.3.86. Cost

The amount paid (or to be paid) by the buyer for a product, service, or completed work.

9.3.87. Protection

Preventing harm to a function due to environmental or accidental causes.

9.3.88. Quality assurance

Planned and systematic activities to ensure that an item will meet the specified quality (9.1.12) requirements.

9.3.89. Maintainability

The ability of a component (6.1.3) or work (5.5.6) to maintain a state capable of performing the required functions or a state of recovery after a fault (9.3.78) occurs.

9.3.90. Habitability

The characteristic (9.1.4) of a building (3.1.3) or space (4.1.1) that meets the accommodation requirements for users.

9.3.91. Security level

A measure (9.1.7) of the level of protection (9.3.87) against unauthorized intrusion.

9.4. Test properties

9.4.1. Sample

One or more objects taken from a pile as representative, or a portion randomly taken from a large quantity of material (6.1.1), used for evaluation.

9.4.2. Laboratory sample

A sample (9.4.1) used for evaluation testing.

9.4.3. Test portion

A part of a sample (9.4.1) used in a single test.

9.4.4. Test specimen

A sample (9.4.1) used in a single test to determine a property (9.1.3).

9.4.5. Acceptance testing

Testing to verify that a lot (9.4.8) or batch (9.4.7) meets specific requirements.

9.4.6. Approval testing

Testing to demonstrate that a final product is operational and usable equipment.

9.4.7. Batch

A quantity of material (6.1.1) or a lot of products manufactured or produced using the same method, at the same time, under the same conditions and therefore likely to be identical or homogeneous.

9.4.8. Lot

A specified quantity of products (6.1.2).

10. Environment and Physical Planning

10.1. Land

The surface of the Earth’s crust except for the oceans, usually marked by natural topography, political boundaries, or jurisdictional boundaries.

10.2. Physical planning

Preparation for the proposed use of land (10.1), within a geographical scope and controlled in terms of development.

10.3. Environment

The natural and artificial conditions, including the external physical conditions, that may affect the performance (9.1.1) and use of a building (3.1.3), civil engineering work (3.1.2), or a part of a construction work.

10.4. Environmental improvement

The rehabilitation (7.1.47) of an area.

10.5. Traffic

The movement in a direction of vehicles, people, or animals.

10.6. Pedestrian street

An area closed to traffic (10.5) for a certain period of time, e.g., to serve as a pedestrian area (10.7) during business hours, but still allowing vehicle circulation at other times.

10.7. Pedestrian area

An area dedicated to pedestrians and only occasionally open to mechanical traffic (10.5) when necessary for diversion, cleaning, or emergencies.

10.8. Watercourse/swale (US)

A gravity-driven flow path, usually in a natural form.

10.9. Fuel

A substance used to generate heat by combustion or through a nuclear reaction.

10.10. Energy

The ability to work in the form of heat, light, sound, electricity, air, water, and other motions.

10.11. Power

The rate of energy (10.10) transmission.

10.12. Residue

The material (6.1.1) remaining after consumption or after a process.

10.13. Waste

Residue (10.12) for disposal or reuse.

10.14. Solid waste

Waste (10.13) without sufficient components to flow freely.

10.15. Industrial waste

Waste (10.13) from industrial activities or processes.

10.16. Commercial waste

Waste (10.13) from the activities of commercial, business, trading establishments, or from government offices and agency headquarters.

10.17. Household waste/garbage (US)

Waste (10.13), other than hazardous waste (10.18), generated from the activities of individual dwellings (3.4.2).

10.18. Hazardous waste

Waste (10.13) that may be harmful or dangerous to humans or may adversely affect the biological chain.

10.19. Wastewater/sewage (US)

Used water discharged from a household or a production process, or other types of water in a combined system, and water flowing into a sewer (5.4.41).

10.20. Domestic wastewater/domestic sewage (US)

Wastewater (10.19) from appliances (5.4.7) in kitchens, laundry rooms (4.1.3), washbasins, bathrooms, toilets (4.3.4), and similar fixtures.

10.21. Trade effluent/trade wastewater/commercial sewage (US)

Wastewater (10.19) from industrial or commercial activities.

10.22. Foulwater/sewage (US)

Wastewater (10.19) transported in underground pipes (5.4.17).

10.23. Surface water

Water flowing over or collecting on the surface of a building (3.1.3), other structures (3.1.4), or ground (6.2.1).

10.24. Run-off/stormwater (US)

The result of the permeation of surface water (10.23).

10.25. Storm sewage

Floodwater (10.26) combined with wastewater (10.19), flowing from sewers (5.4.41) through overflow pipes.

10.26. Stormwater/floodwater (US)

Surface water (10.23) after heavy rain.

10.27. Sludge

Solids separated from various types of wastewater (10.19) through natural or artificial treatment processes.

10.28. Frost heave

The upward movement of the ground (6.2.2) due to the accumulation of ice in the underlying soil layer.

10.29. Settlement

The downward movement of soil (6.2.2) due to compression (9.3.32) or compaction, or the downward movement of a building (3.1.3) or other structure (5.1.2) based on the ground.

10.30. Ponding

The phenomenon of water retention due to surface deformation or a slightly inclined surface.