Foreword

TCVN 4473:2012 replaces TCVN 4473:1987

TCVN 4473:2012 was converted from TCVN 4473:1985 in accordance with the provisions of Clause 1, Article 69 of the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations and Point b, Clause 1, Article 6 of the Government’s Decree No. 127/2007/ND-CP dated August 1, 2007 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations.

TCVN 4473:2012 was compiled by the Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning – Ministry of Construction, proposed by the Ministry of Construction, appraised by the Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality, and announced by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

1. Scope of application

This standard specifies the terminology and definitions of earthmoving machines in the field of construction.

2. Terms and definitions

Term	Definition	English Term	Illustrative Diagram
1. Excavators
1.1. Single-bucket excavator	Máy đào làm việc theo chu kì, có một gầu, dùng để đào, xúc, chuyển và đổ đất (hay vật liệu khác) thành đống hoặc lên các phương tiện vận chuyển	Single-bucket excavator
1.2. Universal single-bucket excavator	A single-bucket excavator that, in addition to earthworks, can also drive piles, load and unload, drill and demolish… by changing one of the corresponding working units.	A universal single-bucket excavator
1.3. Full-revolving universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator whose rotating part can rotate at an unlimited angle in both forward and reverse directions.	Full-revolving universal excavator
1.4. Non-full-revolving universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator whose rotating part can only rotate at a limited angle.	Non-full-revolving universal excavator
1.5. Chain-crawling universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator with a chain-crawling mechanism.	Chain-crawling universal excavator
1.6. Wheel-moving universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator with a wheeled moving mechanism.	Wheel-moving universal excavator
1.7. Single-engine universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator with a single engine driving all mechanisms.	Single-engine universal excavator
1.8. Multi-engine universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator with multiple engines, each engine driving a separate mechanism or group of mechanisms.	Multi-engine universal excavator
1.9. Mechanically operated excavator	A single-engine universal single-bucket excavator with a mechanical transmission system.	Mechanically operated excavator
1.10. Hydromechanical operated excavator	A single-engine universal single-bucket excavator with a combined mechanical and hydraulic transmission system.	Hydromechanical operated excavator
1.11. Hydraulically operated excavator	A multi-engine universal single-bucket excavator with a hydraulic transmission system.	Hydraulically operated excavator
1.12. Electrically operated excavator	A multi-engine universal single-bucket excavator with an electrical transmission system.	Electrically operated excavator
1.13. Cable universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator using cables to suspend and drive the working unit.	Cable universal excavator
1.14. Hydraulic universal excavator	A universal single-bucket excavator using hydraulic cylinders to suspend and drive the working unit.	Hydraulic universal excavator
1.15. Push shovel	An excavator equipped with a forward-facing bucket to excavate soil layers higher than the machine’s position.	Push shovel
1.16. Back excavator	An excavator equipped with a backward-facing bucket to excavate soil layers lower than the machine’s position.	Back excavator
1.17. Dragline excavator	An excavator equipped with a dragline bucket with an extended digging radius to excavate soil layers lower than the machine’s position.	Dragline excavator
1.18. Clamshell excavator	An excavator equipped with a clamshell bucket to excavate soil in a vertical direction or to handle loose materials.	Clamshell excavator
1.19. Multi-bucket excavator	An excavator that continuously excavates and unloads soil, with multiple buckets moving in a closed trajectory to excavate trenches, canals, etc.	Multi-bucket excavator
1.20. Longitudinal trenching machine	A multi-bucket excavator with the digging direction coinciding with the moving direction of the machine.	Longitudinal trenching machine
1.21. Diametrical trenching machine	A multi-bucket excavator with the digging direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the machine.	Diametrical trenching machine
1.22. Ladder-type trenching machine	A multi-bucket excavator with a flat frame on which a bucket-driving chain system is installed.	Ladder-type trenching machine
1.23. Wheel-type trenching machine	A multi-bucket excavator with a circular frame (rotor) on which buckets are installed around the circumference.	Wheel-type trenching machine
2. Earth haulers
2.1. Bulldozer	A cyclically working earth hauling machine with a dozing blade mounted on a tractor, used for excavating, pushing, leveling and transporting soil with a limited distance (less than 100 m).	Bulldozer
2.2. Bulldozer with non-rotating blade	A bulldozer with the dozing blade fixed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the base machine.	Bulldozer
2.3. Angledozer	A bulldozer with the dozing blade set at certain angles in the horizontal and vertical planes.Angledozer	Angledozer
2.4. General-duty bulldozer	A bulldozer manufactured to work under normal conditions.	General-duty bulldozer
2.5. Specialty bulldozer	A bulldozer manufactured to perform a specific task under specific conditions.	Specialty bulldozer
2.6. Crawler bulldozer	A bulldozer with a crawler moving mechanism.	Crawler bulldozer
2.7. Wheeled bulldozer	A bulldozer with a wheeled moving mechanism.	Wheeled bulldozer
2.8. Cable bulldozer	A bulldozer using a pulley-cable system to control the dozing blade.	Cable bulldozer
2.9. Hydraulic bulldozer	A bulldozer using a hydraulic system to control the dozing blade.	Hydraulic bulldozer
2.10. Scraper	An earth hauling machine that works cyclically, transports, dumps and roughly levels soil with an extended distance (from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers).	Scraper
2.11. Pull-type scraper	A scraper with a scraper bowl towed by a tractor.	Pull-type scraper
2.12. Autoscraper	A self-propelled scraper.	Autoscraper
2.13. Cable scraper	A scraper using a pulley-cable system to control the scraper bowl.	Cable scraper
2.14. Hydraulic scraper	A scraper using a hydraulic system to control the scraper bowl.	Hydraulic scraper
2.15. Grader	A cyclically working earth leveling machine with a grading blade used for leveling surfaces, shaping road foundations, digging ditches, cutting slopes, etc.	Grader
2.16. Pull-type grader	A grader towed by a tractor.	Pull-type grader
2.17. Autograder	A self-propelled grader.	Autograder (Motor-graders)
2.18. Mechanically driven grader	Máy san dùng hệ thống cơ khí để điều khiển lưỡi san	Mechanically driven grader
2.19. Hydraulically driven grader	A grader using a hydraulic system to control the grading blade.	Hydraulically driven grader
2.20. Elevating grader	A grader equipped with a conveyor belt for continuously grading, transporting and unloading soil.	Elevating grader
3. Loaders
3.1. Single-bucket loader	A self-propelled, cyclically working machine used for scooping soil and rock (or loose materials) onto means of transport or into piles.	Single- bucket loader
3.2. Single-bucket crawler loader	A single-bucket loader with a crawler moving mechanism.	Single-bucket crawler loader
3.3. Single-bucket wheeled loader	A single-bucket loader with a wheeled moving mechanism.	Single-bucket wheeled loader
3.4. Single-bucket front end loader	A single-bucket loader that unloads soil (or loose materials) in a forward direction.	Single-bucket front end loader
3.5. Single-bucket back dump loader	A single-bucket loader that unloads soil (or loose materials) in a backward direction.	Single-bucket back dump loader
4. Compactors
4.1. Tamping machine	A machine that compacts soil foundations (or road foundations, pavements, etc.) using static and dynamic forces.	Tamping machine
4.2. Motor roller	A self-propelled compactor with a smooth steel drum as the working unit.	Motor roller
4.3. Sheepsfoot roller	A compactor with a steel drum on which sheepsfoot protrusions are installed as the working unit.	Sheep-foot roller
4.4. Pneumatic-tired roller	A compactor with pneumatic tires as the working unit.	Pneumatic-tired roller
4.5. Towed pneumatic-tired roller	A pneumatic-tired roller towed by a tractor.	Towed pneumatic-tired roller
4.6. Máy đầm bánh hơi tự hành	Máy đầm bánh hơi tự di chuyển.	Motor roller
4.7. Vibratory roller	A compactor with a vibrating unit installed on the working unit.	Vibratory roller
4.8. Towed vibratory roller	A vibratory roller towed by a tractor.	Towed vibratory roller
4.9. Máy đầm rung tự hành	A self-propelled vibratory roller.	Motor vibrating roller
4.10. Bàn rung	A compactor with a vibrating unit installed on a steel plate that can move independently during operation.	Vibroplate
4.11. Tamping rammer	A compactor with a working unit operating on the principle of free fall (generating dynamic force).	Tamping rammer
5. Hydraulic earth movers
5.1. Water jet monitor	A specialized earth excavating device that uses a high-pressure water jet to excavate and break up soil.	Water jet monitor
5.2. Mud pump	A specialized centrifugal pump used to suck and transport mud.	Mud pump
5.3. Dredging pumping station	A specialized continuous operation pumping station used to excavate soil underwater and transport it to a disposal site.	Dredging pumping station
5.4. Stationary dredging pumping station	A fixed dredging pumping station for relatively long-term operation at one location.	Stationary dredging pumping station
5.5. Mobile dredging pumping station	A self-propelled dredging pumping station.	Mobile dredging pumping station
5.6. Suction dredger	A floating dredging pumping station on the water surface.	Suction dredger
6. Auxiliary machines
6.1. Brush saw	A machine for clearing brush and cutting small trees using wedge-shaped cutting blades mounted on a tractor.	Brush saw
6.2. Máy nhổ gốc cây	A machine for pushing over trees, digging out tree stumps, and clearing stones, etc., by changing one of the working units mounted on a tractor.	Grubber
6.3. Ripper	A machine for plowing, breaking up hard soil or old road foundations using ripping teeth mounted on a tractor.	Ripper